5. Phylogeny

Question 1

What is a BRANCH?

Answer 1

Branch refers to a line representing a population through time

Question 2

What is a TAXON? (Taxa)

Answer 2

species at tips of branch points

Question 3

Most Recent Common Ancestor on a Tree

Answer 3

Question 4

What are Sister Groups or Sister Taxa?

Answer 4

Sister groups (or sister taxa) share an immediate common ancestor at a node where their branches meet

Question 5

What is POLYTOMY

Answer 5

Polytomy is a branch point with three or more descendants

Question 6

What is an OUTGROUP?

Answer 6

Outgroup refers to a lineage that diverges early on in a phylogenetic tree

Question 7

What is RELATEDNESS?

Answer 7

In a phylogenetic tree, the relatedness of two groups has a specific meaning:

– Two groups are more related if they have a more recent common ancestor,

• and less related if they have a less recent common ancestor

Question 8

What is a CLADE?

Answer 8

A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Question 9

What is MONOPHYLETIC?

Answer 9

A valid clade is monophyletic, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Question 10

What is PARAPHYLETIC?

Answer 10

A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 11

What is POLYPHYLETIC?

Answer 11

A polyphyletic grouping consists of various species that lack a common ancestor

Question 12

What is SYNAPOMORPHY?

Answer 12

A synapomorphy is a shared, derived trait common between descendants (two or more groups) and their most recent common ancestor (note – this trait is missing in more distant ancestors)

Question 13

What is AUTAMORPHY?

Answer 13

An autapomorphy is a derived trait that is unique to a particular taxon

Question 14

Autamorphy vs Synapomorphy

Answer 14

Question 15

Derived Traits vs Ancestral Traits

Answer 15

Derived Traits -
Traits that arise during the evolution of a group and differ from traits of the ancestor of a group

Ancestral Traits -
Traits passed on from ancestor

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Question 19

The group highlighted in the following
a phylogenetic tree is polyphyletic.

Answer 19

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