1. Diversity of Life Flashcards
What are the 7 Properties of Life?
- Order
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Response to the Environment
- Regulation
- Energy Processing
- Growth and Development
- Reproduction
What is Order?
Living Organisms contain specialized, coordinated parts that are highly organized.
They contain one or more cells
Ex. Cells form tissues, tissue form organs
What is Response to External Stimuli?
Give an example.
All living things detect stimuli in the environment and respond to them.
Ex.
Phototaxis - Plants bend toward the sunlight
Chemotaxis - Bacteria move toward or away from chemicals
What is Growth and Development?
All living organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded by their genes.
Genes provide instruction for cellular growth and development, ensuring that a species young will grow to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents.
What is Evolutionary Adaptation?
What is Evolution by Natural Selection?
Individuals with traits that contribute to reproduction and survival in a particular environment will leave more offspring.
Overtime advantageous traites will become more common in the population
What is Homeostasis?
Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes, through homeostasis.
In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals.
What is Response to External Stimuli?
Give an example.
All living things detect stimuli in the environment and respond to them.
Ex.
Phototaxis - Plants bend toward the sunlight
Chemotaxis - Bacteria move toward or away from chemicals
What is Energy Processing? Give an Example.
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities.
Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food; others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food.
What is Reproduction?
Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA – they then divide it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells.
Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive germ line cells (which produce either sperm or egg cells) that will form new individuals.
When reproduction occurs, genes are passed along to an organism’s offspring – these genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar charact
What is Negative Feedback?
Negative Feedback acts to oppose stimulus that triggers them.
Stimulus –> Sensor –> Control –> Effector
Ex.
Stimulus: Body Temp >37 C
Sensor: Nerve Cells in Skin and Brain
Control: Temp regulatory center in brain
Effector: Sweat Glands throughout body
What is Taxonomy?
Branch of science that names and classifies biological organisms (living or extinct), and organizes them according to their similarities (i.e., morphology, behavior, and DNA
What are the 3 Domains of Life?
Bacteria and Archaea
- Composed of Prokaryotes
- Archaea are a special type of prokaryote found in harsh/inhospitable environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water
- Examples of archaea: halophiles (live in extremely salty environments), thermophiles (found in heat producing or heat prone areas), and acidophiles/alkaliphiles
Eukarya
- Composed of the eukaryotes
- Protists, fungi, plants and animals
Prokaryote Kingdoms (2)
Domain Archaea -> Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria -> Kingdom Eubacteria
Organize the diversity of life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
First 5 Levels of Biological Organization
- Biosphere - Part of planet supporting life and all organisms that live there
- Ecosystem - Living organims in conjuction with non-living components interacting as a system
- Community - populations of different species that live together in a defined area or region
- Population - comprises all individuals (organisms) of a given specific species in a defined area or region
- Organisms -
Levels 6-10 of Biological Organisation
- Organ System - group of organs that work together to perform a certain task
Organ - functional grouping of tissues - Tissue - collection of cells that is specialized to perform one or more particular function
- Cell - lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
- Organelle - a differentiated structure within a cell that performs a specific function
- Molecule - smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound
Domain Eukarya (4 kingdoms)
- Kingdom Fungi - includes yeast, mildew, molds, and mushrooms
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protista - eukaryotes that do not fit into the other kingdoms – includes Paramecium, algae amoeba, protozoans, and slime molds
What is the Kingdom Fungi? (2)
- The cells of this kingdom are eukaryotic and heterotrophic
- ## Yeasts are unicellular, whereas other species are multicellular that form long chains of cells called filamentous fungi (molds, mildew, mushrooms)
What are hyphae? (3)
- Basic morphological elements of filamentous fungi
- Long thread-like structures
- a collection of hyphae is called mycelium
What are 3 types of Hyphae?
Vegetative hyphae:
penetrate supporting medium and absorb nutrients
Aerial hyphae:
projects above supporting medium
Reproductive (or fertile) hyphae:
aerial hyphae that carry different spores
What is the Kingdom Plantae? (3)
- All plant cells are eukaryotic and autotrophic
– Cell walls contain cellulose
– All organisms are multicellular
What are some classifications in the Kindom Plantae? (2)
Vascular plants
- ferns
- gymnosperms (non-flowering plants)
- angiosperms (flowering plants)
Nonvascular plants
- mosses
- hornworts
- liverworts
What is the Kingdom Animalia? (3)
All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic
Animal cell have no cell walls but have membranes
Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique
to this kingdom
What is included in the Kingdom Animalia? (2)
- Invertebrates
animals without backbones and with backbones - Vertebrates
animals with backbones - In this kingdom, biologists classify such organisms as sponges, jellyfish, worms,
insects, starfish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals
What is the Extracellular Matrix?
What is it made up of? (3)
In place of a cell wall, animal cells are covered
by an elaborate extracellular matrix - made up
of glycoproteins such as collagen,
proteoglycans, and fibronectin
What are Hox Genes? (6)
- Only in animals,
- AKA homeotic genes
- regulate the development of body form
- play important roles in the development of animal embryos,
- control the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology
-control the anterior (head) to posterior (tail)
organization of the body
What is the Kingdom Protista? (4)
- Been under intense revision, though it is
still referred to as its own kingdom
– A protist is any eukaryotic organism that
is not an animal, plant or fungus
- Can be
Autotrophic (plant-like protists)
or
Heterotrophic (animallike and fungal-like protists)
– Can be
Multicellular (i.e., brown algae)
or
Unicellular (i.e., euglena, diatoms,
amoeba, paramecium)
Examples in Kingdom Protista? (3)
- Plant-like protists = algae (i.e., diatoms,
brown algae) - Animal-like protists = protozoa (i.e.,
amoeba, paramecium) - Fungal-like protists = slime molds
Determine which property of life is best represented by each of the following examples:
- Polar bears living in ice-covered regions maintain their body temperature by generating heat and reducing heat loss through thick fur and a dense layer of fat under their skin.
Ans:
homeostasis (or evolutionary adaptation)
Determine which property of life is best represented by each of the following examples:
- A bacterium divides by binary fission into two bacteria which are genetically identical to, but smaller than, the original bacterium.
Ans:
reproduction
Determine which property of life is best represented by each of the following examples:
- The sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) responds to touch by rapidly closing
its leaves and drooping.
Ans:
response to environmental stimuli
Which of the following correctly arranges the biological levels of organization from simplest to most complex?
A. Organelle -> tissue -> organ -> ecosystem -> population
B. Biosphere -> ecosystem -> community -> organ -> cell
C. Cell -> tissue -> organ system -> population -> community
D. Biosphere -> population -> organ system -> cell -> tissue
C.
Cell -> tissue -> organ system -> population -> community
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem
- Community
- Population
- Organ
- Tissue
B.
Communities exist within populations, which exist within ecosystems
C. Tissue
D:
Kingdom -> Phylum -> Order -> Family -> Genus
