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Year 2 MCD Microbiology > 5: Parasitic infections > Flashcards

5: Parasitic infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an infection?

A

invasion by and growth of

pathogenic microorganisms

within the body

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2
Q

What is a disease

A

Summarised: something malfunctioning in body due to many causes (including infection)

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3
Q

What is a parasite?

A

organism living in or on the host and

dependent on it for nutrition - causing

damage

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4
Q

Explain the broad classification of Parasites

A
  1. Endoparasites
    • Protozoa
    • Metazoa
  2. Ectoparasites
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a protozoa?

A

Protozoa are a type of Endoparasites

  • single-cell
  • eukariotes
  • everyone has different pathogenesis
  • might be vecor-mediated
  • non-eosinophilic defence
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Metazoa?

A

Multicellular organisms (Helminths/worms) ((Endoparasites))

  • Can be Free living, or have an intermediate hosts and vectors
  • Some just inhabit gut (geohelminths), other invade tissues
  • Eosinophilia – if invade blood
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7
Q

What are the different types of Protozoa?

A

Protozoa? Eukariotic single cell organisms

  1. amoeba
  2. coccidiae
  3. ciliate
  4. flagellates
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8
Q

Name examples of Amobae parasites

What kind of parasitic class are they?

A

Amobae= type of Protozoa

E.g.

  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Entamoeba dispar
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9
Q

What are the symptoms and diagnosis of an Entamoeba histolytica infection?

A

Fecal-oral transmission

  • humas are only reservoir
  • Often: asymptomatic
  • Amoeic parasited invade epithelium of large intestine: causing flask-shaped ulcers
    • infection can spread to other organs: invasive
      • often liver cyst but also: lung, kidney, heart brain
  • Diagonosis: Fecal micoscropy
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10
Q

What type of parasite are Coccidia?

What are their main characteristics and name an example

A

They are a type of Protozoa infection

Normally: zoological vectors

E.g.

  • plasmodium causing Malaria
  • Toxoplasma causing Toxoplasmosis
  • Cryptosporidium causing Diarrhoea
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11
Q

Which pathogen causes Malaria?

What are the main symptoms?

A

Caused by: Plasmodium (different types with different severity) (Type of Coccidia)

  1. Liver stage (no symptoms)
  2. Blood stage: symptoms

Leading to

  • Fever, headache, chills, vomiting, muscle pain
  • Paroxysm (cycle in 4-8hrs) (spasm)
  • Might lead to
    • Severe anemia (destruction of red cells)
    • Cerebral malaria (swelling of the brain,seizures, coma)
      • many more
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12
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis?

What are the symptosm and what is it caused by?

A

Toxoplasmosis= Toxoplasma (type of Coccidia)

  • In Immunocompetent: mild disease with fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, sore throat
  • however, in pregnancy: toxoplasmosis poses serious danger for the Foetus
  • In immunosupressed: serious diseae (eventually CNS disease)
  • Transmitted by Cats/Cat poop (+ mice and birds)
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13
Q

What kind of parasite is Cryptosporidium?

What does it cause?

A

Coccidia (type of Protozoa)

Causing

  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • Diarrhoea
  • mild in immunocompetent but
  • might be severe in immunocompromised
    • diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting
    • common in HIV patients with Diarrhoea
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14
Q

What kind of pathogens are Ciliates?

Name examples

A

Ciliates= type of Protozoa

  • E.g. Balantidium coli
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of someone with an Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis) infection?

What kind of infection is it?

A

It is a parasitic infection with a ciliate (type of protozoa)

causing

  • asymptomatic in immmunocompetent
  • In immunocompromised: persistent diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting (might perforate colon)
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16
Q

What kind of pathogens are Flagellates?

Name examples

A

Flagellates= type of protozoa (endoparasites)

  • E.g. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
  • Trichomonas
  • Leishmania
17
Q

What kind of pathogen is Giardia lamblia?

What does it caue?

A

It is a Flagellate Protozoa (33% of people in developing countries infected)

causing

  • In most people: asymptomatic (but transmit diseae)
  • If it caueses symtoms: Diarrhoea, Greasy stools,

abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting,

  • also fecal-oral transmission
18
Q

What kind of pathogen are Trichomonas?

What do they cause?

A

Flagellate protozoa

Cause: Trichomoniasis:

  • STD
  • in many people: asymptomatic but might cause
    • vaginal+ vuval infection and itching
    • dysuria, inflammation of urethra (men)
  • Might caue problems in Pregnancy –> low birth weigh
19
Q

What are the different types of Helminths?

A

Helminths= metazoa

Can be classfied in

  1. Roundworms (Nematodes)
  2. Flatworms (Cestodes)
  3.  Flukes (Trematodes)
20
Q

What are Nematoes?

Name examples

A

Nematodes= Roundworms

  • e.g. Ascaris,
  • hookworm
  • Filaria,
  • Strongyloides
21
Q

What kind of Infection is Ascarsis?

What does it cause?

A

It is a type of roundworm (Nematodes)

  • live, mate and lay eggs in small intestine
  • get into the hepato-circulation to the lungs
  • mature in the lungs and creep up the thrat to be swallowed
    • Causing: Ascariasis
      • often asymtomatic (but people can transmit)
      • if number of woms high enough: abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction
      • mslnourishment
      • pneumonia (penetration of larve in lung)
22
Q

What kind of infections are Hookworms?

What do they caue?

A

Are a type of Roundowmrs (Nematode)

Causing

  • enter through skin
  • iron deficiency anaemia (deficient membrane causing bleeding due to attachment of worm in Small intestine)
  • GI/ metabolic symptoms
  • Resp symptoms: (larve penetrating alveoli)
23
Q

What kind of parasites are Filaria?

Give examples

A

Filaria= type of Roundworms (Nematodes)

  • E.g. Lymphatic filariasis
  • Elephantiasis
    • causing lymphatic obstructuion
24
Q

What kind of parasites are Flatworms (cestodes)?

Name an example

A

Flatworms= type ofMetazoa

E.g. Taenia spp.

25
Q

What are Tenia?

What do they cause?

A

Tenia=type of Flatworm (cestodes)

  • vector mediated transmission (pig)+ cow
  • often: asymptomatic
  • but might cause
    • digestive problems including abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and upset stomach.
26
Q

What is the Commonest acquired cause of epilepsy worldwide?

A

A cysticercosis resulting from an infection with Taenia solium (flatoworm) (cestodes)

27
Q

What kind of parasites are Flukes (trematodes)?

Name an example

A

They are a type of Metazoa

E.g. Schistosomiasis

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Schistosomiasis?

A

Eggs. have intermediate host: fresh water snail

  • Symptoms
    1. Mostly Asymptomatic at early phase but if symptoms:
    2. within days: rash or itchy skin
    3. 1-2 Months: fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
    4. inflammation and scaring of small intestine, liver bladder due to larve travveling in body
29
Q

Name examples of Ectoparasites

A
  • E.g. Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei)
  • Lice
30
Q

What kind of parasite is Leishmania?

How is it transmitted?

What are the different types of Leishamania?

A

It is Flagellate Protozoa

  • transmitted by a vector: the sandfly causing
  1. Visceral leishmaniasis
  2. Or cutaneous Leishmaniasis
31
Q

What are the symptoms of visceral leishamaniases?

A

Also called: kala azar (Black fever)

  • Hepato and Splenomegaly
  • irregular fever, weight loss, anaemia
    • invasion of macrophages
  • fatal if left untreated
32
Q

What are the symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniases

A

Three different severities

  1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: localised lesions on exposed bodyparts,often self-healing (but can create scars + disabilities)
  2. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: disseminated lesions,resembles leprosy difficult to treat, no spontaneous healing, frequent relapses
  3. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: disfiguring, destroys mucous membranes

Year 2 MCD Microbiology (8 decks)

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