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Year 2 MCD Microbiology > 1: Fungal Infections > Flashcards

1: Fungal Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of fungi that can casue disease?

A
  1. Chytridiomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Basidiomycota
  4. Ascomycota
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2
Q

What type of Fungi is Aspergillus?

A

It is a type of ascomycota

  • spore forming
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3
Q

What type of fungi it Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

It is a yeast

  • pathogen in immunocompormised
  • might lead to yeast growth in the brain (cryptococcomas)
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4
Q

Describe the immune response to a fungal infection

A

Varies depending on species and site of infection

Innate immune response:

  1. Fungus gets to circulation
  2. Gets opsonised (have very different surface –> activation of complement system! C3 actication, but no complement mediated lysis )
  3. and Phagocytosed (by Magrophages and neurtrophils)
  4. NK cells produce IF-gamma

Adaptive Immune response:

  1. Dendritic cells present antigen and influence T-cell differentiation
    1. Th1 and Th17 play a role
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5
Q

Explain how Candida Albicans can cause disease

A

Candidal dimorphism (yeast/hyphal forms) allows tissue invasion

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6
Q

Explain how Crytpococcus can cause disease

A

Crytpococcus forms a capsule to evade phagocytosis

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7
Q

Explain how an infection with Aspergillus can cause disease

A

Aspergillus species inhaled as conidia, invade tissues as hyphae

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8
Q

What is the TOLL receptor?

A

It is a receptor involved in pattern recognition receptor for fungal immunity

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9
Q

Explain the relationship between Human Dectin 1 Deficiency and Mucocutaneous Fungal Infections

A

Human 1 Dectin= is a receptor involved in pattern recognition of fungal infections

  • if it is deficient: increased rate of fungal infections
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10
Q

Explain the relationship between Human CARD9 Deficiency and Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

A

Human CARD9 is needed for TNF-alpha production and T-cell differentiation (Th17)

  • if not there
  • increased rate and risk of fungal infections
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11
Q

Explain the role of Toll-like receptors and fungal infections

A

Toll-Like receptors are polymorphic (e.g. TLR4+9)

  • in some variants (or in loss of function) : riks of asperfillos infection is increased
    *
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12
Q

Name some defects that can cause defects host immunity and make you more suspectible to fungal infections

A
  • Human Dectin 1 Deficiency
  • Human CARD9 Deficiency
  • TLR4
  • TLR9
  • Plaminogen alleles influence suspectibility to aspergillus in mice (and stem cell transplantation)
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13
Q

What is the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the control of fungal infections?

A
  • Both Macrophages and neutrophils play a role but NEUTOPHILS are more important! (Expecially in Aspergillus fumigatus infectio)
    • Involved in phagocytosis but more important:
    • Neutophils form DNA networks that trap fungal spores
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14
Q

Explain the role of T-cells in immunity to fungal infections

A
  • Th1= involved in spore cells and single cell depletion
  • Th2= involved in defence against multicellular fungi
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15
Q

Explain the role of Interferon Gamma in fungal infections

A

Important –> causes Down-regulation of IL-10 and a Burst of Inflammatory Cytokine Expression

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16
Q

Explain the The damage response framework of microbial pathogenesis

A

The right level of immune response must be met to

  1. Fight the infection (not too low)
  2. But also not to develop allergy/ too strong host response
17
Q

Explain the relationship between fungi and allergy

A
  1. 16% of all allergens are fungi
  2. Fungi are inhaled daily and spored can get deep in lung
  3. Aspergillus is primary driver
  4. Allergic responses include
    1. Type I and IV hypersensitivity driven
    2. often dentritic cells are abnromal cause T cell activation and B-cell class switching –> IgE production
18
Q

What is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

Allergic response to apergillus

  • common in astmah/CF patients
  • causes inflammation leading to
    • bronchiectasis –> abnromal dilation of airways
    • mucus plug in airways
    • damage lung tissue and lead to scaring
19
Q

What kind of pathogens are most fungi?

A

Most fungi pathogens: opportunistic

–> need immunocompromisation before it can develop disease

20
Q

Explain the relationship between chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and fungal infections

A

CGD= defects in NADPH oxidase –> neutrophils can’t kill digested pathogens –> suspectible to fungal (expecially Aspergillus) infections

21
Q

Explain the role of dendritic cells in immune response against fungi

A

Important in linking innate and adaptive immune response

–> Activate depending on type of fungal infection

  • Th1 (CD4+) and interferon gamma —> important in defence against infections
22
Q

What are the most important fungal species tha might cause pathology?

A

Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species.

23
Q

What is a fungal morphotype?

A

They are distinct growth forms of a fungus

Year 2 MCD Microbiology (8 decks)

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