5: Order and Disorder in the Environment

Question 1

A Sand County Almanac, “The Land Ethic,”

Answer 1

Aldo Leopold

Question 2

this is the view that all the moral duties we have towards the environment are derived from our direct duties to its human inhabitants.

Answer 2

enlightened/ prudential anthropocentrism

Question 3

is sufficient for that practical purpose, and perhaps even more effective in delivering pragmatic outcomes, in terms of policy-making

Answer 3

Enlightened anthropocentrism

Question 4

was born in Scandinavia, the result of discussions between Næss and his colleagues Sigmund Kvaløy and Nils Faarlund

Answer 4

Deep ecology

Question 5

the “fight against pollution and resource depletion”, the central objective of which is “the health and affluence of people in the developed countries.”

Answer 5

shallow ecology movement, Næss

Question 6

endorses “biospheric egalitarianism”, the view that all living things are alike in having value in their own right, independent of their usefulness to others.

Answer 6

deep ecology movement

Question 7

argued that male-dominated culture or patriarchy is supported by four interlocking pillars: sexism, racism, class exploitation, and ecological destruction.

Answer 7

Sheila Collins (1974)

Question 8

argue that the domination of women by men is historically the original form of domination in human society, from which all other hierarchies of rank, class, and political power-flow.

Answer 8

Ynestra King

Question 9

understand the oppression of women as only one of the many parallel forms of oppression sharing and supported by a common ideological structure, in which one party uses a number of conceptual and rhetorical devices to privilege its interests over that of the other party

Answer 9

Val Plumwood

Question 10

there is no meaningful order of things or events outside the human domain, and there is no source of sacredness or dread of the sort felt by those who regard the natural world as peopled by divinities or demons

Answer 10

Disenchantment

Question 11

can be regarded as attempting to re-enchant, and help to save, nature.

Answer 11

new animism

Question 12

Who has argued that a phenomenological approach of the kind taken by Merleau-Ponty can reveal to us that we are part of the “common flesh” of the world, that we are in a sense the world thinking itself

Answer 12

David Abram

Question 13

has tried to articulate a version of animism or panpsychism that captures ways in which the world (not just nature) contains many kinds of consciousness and sentience.

Answer 13

Freya Mathews

Question 14

According to ________, we are meshed in communication, and potential communication, with the “One” (the greater cosmic self) and its many lesser selves

Answer 14

Mathews

Question 15

the monistic theory that the world consists purely of matter

Answer 15

Materialism

Question 16

Materialism (the monistic theory that the world consists purely of matter), she argues, is self-defeating by encouraging a form of ______________ that treats the world either as unknowable or as a social-construction (Mathews 2005, 12).

Answer 16

collective solipsism

Question 17

Many of the concerns we have regarding the environment appear to be concerns precisely because of the way they affect ___________

Answer 17

Human Beings

Question 18

____________ are the most famous proponents of the view that we should extend moral standing to other species of animal.

Answer 18

Peter Singer and Tom Regan

Question 19

“the criterion for moral standing is sentience: the capacity to feel pleasure and pain “

Answer 19

Peter Singer

Question 20

We cannot rely only on intuitions to decide who or what has moral standing. For this reason, a number of philosophers have come up with arguments to justify assigning moral standing to ___________

Answer 20

individual living organisms

Question 21

claims that all living things have a “will to live”, and that humans should not interfere with or extinguish this will

Answer 21

Albert Schweitzer, “Reverence for Life”

Question 22

demands that we stop treating the land as a mere object or resource.

Answer 22

Aldo Leopold’s “land ethic”

Question 23

has categorized the various ways the natural environment is valued. These are the following:

Answer 23

Alan Marshall and Michael Smith

Question 24

echoes a civil liberty approach (i.e. a commitment to extend equal rights to all members of a community).

Answer 24

Marshall’s Libertarian

Question 25

the community is generally thought to consist of non-humans as well as humans

Answer 25

environmentalism

Question 26

was an advocate of ecologic humanism (eco-humanism), the argument that all ontological entities, animate and in-animate, can be given ethical worth purely on the basis that they exist.

Answer 26

Andrew Brennan

Question 27

He reasoned that the “expanding circle of moral worth” should be redrawn to include the rights of non-human animals, and to not do so would be guilty of speciesism.

Answer 27

Peter Singer

Question 28

the argument for the intrinsic value or inherent worth of the environment - the view that it is valuable in itself. Their argument, incidentally, falls under both the libertarian extension and the ecologic extension.

Answer 28

deep ecology

Question 29

Singer found it difficult to accept the argument from intrinsic worth of a-biotic or “non-sentient” (non-conscious) entities, and concluded in his first edition of _______ that they should not be included in the expanding circle of moral worth.

Answer 29

Practical Ethics

Question 30

although unconvinced by deep ecology, the argument from intrinsic value of non-sentient entities is plausible, but at best problematic. Singer advocated a humanist ethics.

Answer 30

Practical Ethics

Question 31

His category of ecologic extension places emphasis not on human rights but on the recognition of the fundamental interdependence of all biological (and some abiological) entities and their essential diversity.

Answer 31

Alan Marshall

Question 32

can be thought of as flowing from a political reflection of the natural world

Answer 32

Libertarian Extension

Question 33

best thought of as a scientific reflection of the natural world

Answer 33

ecologic extension

Question 34

roughly the same classification of Smith’s eco-holism, and it argues for the intrinsic value inherent in collective ecological entities like ecosystems or the global environment as a whole entity.

Answer 34

Ecological Extension

Question 35

the theory that the planet earth alters its geo-physiological structure over time in order to ensure the continuation of an equilibrium of evolving organic and inorganic matter.

Answer 35

James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis

Question 36

It focuses only on the worth of the environment in terms of its utility or usefulness to humans. It contrasts the intrinsic value ideas of ‘deep ecology’, hence is often referred to as ‘shallow ecology’, and generally argues for the preservation of the environment on the basis that it has extrinsic value - instrumental to the welfare of human beings.

Answer 36

Conservation ethics, Marshall

Question 37

the position that humans are the most important or critical element in any given situation

Answer 37

Anthropocentrism

Question 38

argues that humans are at the center of reality and it is right for them to be so

Answer 38

strong anthropocentric ethic

Question 39

argues that reality can only be interpreted from a human point of view, thus humans have to be at the center of reality as they see it.

Answer 39

Weak anthropocentrism

Question 40

He said environmental ethics distinguishes between strong anthropocentrism and weak-or-extended-anthropocentrism and argues that the former must underestimate the diversity of instrumental values humans may derive from the natural world.

Answer 40

Bryan Norton