5: Order and Disorder in the Environment Flashcards
A Sand County Almanac, “The Land Ethic,”
Aldo Leopold
this is the view that all the moral duties we have towards the environment are derived from our direct duties to its human inhabitants.
enlightened/ prudential anthropocentrism
is sufficient for that practical purpose, and perhaps even more effective in delivering pragmatic outcomes, in terms of policy-making
Enlightened anthropocentrism
was born in Scandinavia, the result of discussions between Næss and his colleagues Sigmund Kvaløy and Nils Faarlund
Deep ecology
the “fight against pollution and resource depletion”, the central objective of which is “the health and affluence of people in the developed countries.”
shallow ecology movement, Næss
endorses “biospheric egalitarianism”, the view that all living things are alike in having value in their own right, independent of their usefulness to others.
deep ecology movement
argued that male-dominated culture or patriarchy is supported by four interlocking pillars: sexism, racism, class exploitation, and ecological destruction.
Sheila Collins (1974)
argue that the domination of women by men is historically the original form of domination in human society, from which all other hierarchies of rank, class, and political power-flow.
Ynestra King
understand the oppression of women as only one of the many parallel forms of oppression sharing and supported by a common ideological structure, in which one party uses a number of conceptual and rhetorical devices to privilege its interests over that of the other party
Val Plumwood
there is no meaningful order of things or events outside the human domain, and there is no source of sacredness or dread of the sort felt by those who regard the natural world as peopled by divinities or demons
Disenchantment
can be regarded as attempting to re-enchant, and help to save, nature.
new animism
Who has argued that a phenomenological approach of the kind taken by Merleau-Ponty can reveal to us that we are part of the “common flesh” of the world, that we are in a sense the world thinking itself
David Abram
has tried to articulate a version of animism or panpsychism that captures ways in which the world (not just nature) contains many kinds of consciousness and sentience.
Freya Mathews
According to ________, we are meshed in communication, and potential communication, with the “One” (the greater cosmic self) and its many lesser selves
Mathews
the monistic theory that the world consists purely of matter
Materialism
Materialism (the monistic theory that the world consists purely of matter), she argues, is self-defeating by encouraging a form of ______________ that treats the world either as unknowable or as a social-construction (Mathews 2005, 12).
collective solipsism
Many of the concerns we have regarding the environment appear to be concerns precisely because of the way they affect ___________
Human Beings
____________ are the most famous proponents of the view that we should extend moral standing to other species of animal.
Peter Singer and Tom Regan
“the criterion for moral standing is sentience: the capacity to feel pleasure and pain “
Peter Singer
We cannot rely only on intuitions to decide who or what has moral standing. For this reason, a number of philosophers have come up with arguments to justify assigning moral standing to ___________
individual living organisms
claims that all living things have a “will to live”, and that humans should not interfere with or extinguish this will
Albert Schweitzer, “Reverence for Life”
demands that we stop treating the land as a mere object or resource.
Aldo Leopold’s “land ethic”
has categorized the various ways the natural environment is valued. These are the following:
Alan Marshall and Michael Smith
echoes a civil liberty approach (i.e. a commitment to extend equal rights to all members of a community).
Marshall’s Libertarian