2: Doing Philosophy

Question 1

is simply defined as “the ability to think about or reflect on what you do.” Its aim is to engage in a process of continuous learning.

Answer 1

Reflective activity

Question 2

said that it involves “paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight.”

Answer 2

Gillie Gillie

Question 3

wrote about reflective practice, exploring experience, interaction and reflection.

Answer 3

John Dewey

Question 4

developed theories relevant to human learning and development.

Answer 4

Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget

Question 5

introduced the concepts of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action.

Answer 5

Donald Schön, The Reflective Practitioner

Question 6

explained that reflection is an essential human activity in which people recapture their experience, explore it and evaluate it. It is said that when a person is experiencing something, he or she may be implicitly learning.

Answer 6

David Boud

Question 7

popularized a simple learning cycle inspired by Gestalt therapy composed of three questions which ask the practitioner: What, So what, and Now what?

Answer 7

Terry Borton’s book Reach, Touch, and Teach

Question 8

highlights the concept of experiential learning and is centered on the transformation of information into knowledge. This takes place after a situation has occurred, and entails a practitioner reflecting on the experience, gaining a general understanding of the concepts encountered during the experience, and then testing these general understandings in a new situation.

Answer 8

David A. Kolb’s reflective model

Question 9

They pioneered the idea of single-loop learning and double-loop learning in 1978. Their theory was built around the recognition and correction of a perceived fault or error.

Answer 9

Chris Argyris and Donald Schön

Question 10

is when a practitioner or organization, even after an error has occurred and a correction is made, continues to rely on current strategies, techniques or policies when a situation again comes to light.

Answer 10

Single-loop learning

Question 11

involves the modification of objectives, strategies or policies so that when a similar situation arises a new framing system is employed.

Answer 11

Double-loop learning

Question 12

six distinct stages to assist in structuring reflection on learning experiences according to Gibbs

Answer 12

• Description
• Analysis
• Feelings
• Action plan
• Conclusions
• Evaluation

Question 13

Professor of nursing that designed a structured mode of reflection that provides a practitioner with a guide to gain greater understanding of his or her practice.

Answer 13

Christopher Johns

Question 14

proposed that critically reflective practitioners constantly research their assumptions by seeing practice through four complementary lenses

Answer 14

Brookfield 1998

Question 15

Lens 1

Answer 15

Our autobiography as a learner

Question 16

Lens 2

Answer 16

Our learners’ eyes

Question 17

Lens 3

Answer 17

Our colleagues’ experiences

Question 18

Lens 4

Answer 18

Theoretical literature