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Food Microbiology > (5) Microbial Metabolism and Ecology > Flashcards

(5) Microbial Metabolism and Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of metabolism

A

all chemical reaction occurring in organism or cell

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2
Q

mention 2 types of metabolism and their examples

A
  1. anabolism: small to large
    ex. photosynthesis
  2. catabolism: large to small
    ex. glycolysis, citric acid cycle
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3
Q

characteristics of enzyme

A

reusable, highly specific, have an active site, efficient in time

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4
Q

energy used in metabolism

A

ATP

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5
Q

define cellular respiration

A

ATP production by harvesting energy from exergonic metabolism (release to surrounding)

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6
Q

define each of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation process briefly

A
  • aerobic resp: O2 as final electron acceptor [reduction of O2 into H2O)
  • anaerobic resp: inorganic compound as final electron acceptor [reduction of nitrate (NO3^-) into nitrite (NO2^-), sulfate (SO4^2-) into (H2S)]
  • fermentation: only glycolysis step (no electron acceptor), produces 2 ATP molecule/ glucose
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7
Q

catabolism of glucose in a nutshell

A
  1. glycolysis: oxydizing glucose into pyruvate (H20, ATP, NADH)
  2. transition step: convert pyruvate into acetyl Co-A
    & fermentation: reduce pyruvate to end product
  3. citric acid cycle: use acetyl co-asa and release CO2 (ATP)
  4. electron transport system: takes electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis
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8
Q

2 types on anabolism of carbohydrates (photosynthesis)

A

energy fixing and carbon fixing process

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9
Q

key point about energy fixing process

A
  • electrons released from water splitting and accepted to photosystem II
  • light excites some of the electrons in photosystem and pass through electron transport chain (ATP is produced as electron pass to photosystem I)
  • light excites more electron and pass through another transport chain to electron acceptor NADP+, combining with protons to form NADPH
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10
Q

key point about carbon fixing reactions

A
  • CO2 combine with RuBP to form unstable into 2 3PG molecules
  • through ATP and NADPH from energy-fixing reactions, 2 molecules of G3P are formed
  • some G3P used to make glucose and the rest goes to complex reaction involving ATP and reform RuBP
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11
Q

group based on ability to synthesize foods

A
  1. autotroph: synthesize their own food by simple carbon source (CO2)
  2. heterotroph: cannot synthesize on their own, need more complex chem compound (alcohol, glucose)
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12
Q

group based on source of energy

A
  1. phototroph: use light/ photon, use performed organic compound (fatty acid and alcohol) as carbon source
  2. chemotroph: use inorganic/ organic (glucose) for both energy and carbon source

*troph: to eat or to feed

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13
Q

2 types of photosynthesis

A
  • oxygenic: use H2O, oxygen is by product, occurred in thylakoid which contain chlorophyll
  • anoxygenic: use inorganic/ organic (H2S), have bacteriochlorophyll
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14
Q

examples of chemoheterotroph and photoheterotroph

A

chemo: bacteria, archaea, eukarya

photo: green and purple bacteria

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15
Q

examples of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

oxygenic: cyanobacteria and algae

anoxygenic: green and purple bacteria

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16
Q

example reaction of oxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis

A

oxygenic
- energy fixing (light reaction): electron release from H2O because light
- carbon fixing (calvin cycle): 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP -> C6H12O6 +6O2 + ADP + P

anoxygenic
- 2H2S + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + H2O + 2S

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17
Q

more about chemoautotroph

A
  • example of inorganic compound for energy source: NH3, NO2, CH4, H2S, H2
  • only need CO2
  • include nitrogen fixing sulfur oxidizing bacteria
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18
Q

define nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

taking N from inorganic compound mix into organic compound (ex. amino acid)

  • nitromonas convert to ammonium ions (NH4^+) into nitrite ions (NO2^-) under aerobic conditions
  • Nitrobacter convert to nitrite ions (NO2^-) into nitrite ions (NO3^-) and ATP
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19
Q

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in acid drainage water

A

acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

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20
Q

methanogens

A

Microorganisms that create methane as a byproduct of their metabolism

  • anaerob (live in rich organic matter) to reduce CO2 to methane
  • prokaryotic (belong to archaea and bacteria)
  • reactions
    CO2 + 4H2 => CH2 + 2H2O
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21
Q

define iron-oxidizing bacteria

A

gain energy by oxidization of ferrous iron

  • used for industrial recovery of copper (bioleaching)
  • ex. acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
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22
Q

more about photoheterotroph

A
  • produce ATP through photophosporylation, use organic compound from environment to build more compelx molecule
23
Q

saprobes vs parasites in heterotroph

A

saprobes: feeding on dead organic matter

parasites: feedng living organic matter (human tissue)

24
Q

what is microbial ecology

A

interactions of microorganism with biotic and abiotic component of environment

25
Q

roles of microbes

A

producers, consumers, decomposers

26
Q

why carbon cycle is important

A

act as blanket over planet and closely linked with flow of energy

27
Q

4 steps of carbon cycle

A
  1. carbon enters atmosphere as CO2
  2. CO2 is absorbed by autotroph (ex. green plant)
  3. incorporating carbon to animal system
  4. animal and plant die, decompose and carbon reabsorbed by atmosphere
28
Q

what is nitrogen cycle

A

process converting nitrogen gas (N2) to nitrogen-containing substance in soil and living organism then convert it to gas

29
Q

stages of nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification

29
Q

what is mineralization

A

bacteria breaks down organic matter to inorganic form of phosphorus so it’s available to plant

30
Q

initial fixation of nitrogen from atmosphere is dependent on bacteria that has…

A

nitrogenase

31
Q

why sulfur cycle is important

A

affect many minerals, a constituent of many protein and co factor, can be antioxidant

32
Q

stages of phosphorus cycle

A

weathering, absorption by plant and animals, return to environment to decompose

33
Q

stages of sulphur cycle

A

decomposition of organic compound, oxidation of H2S to elemental sulphur, oxidation of elemental sulphur, reduction of sulphates

34
Q

roles of bacteria in various fields

A
  • decomposer: soil bacteria
  • nitrogen cycle: N fixing
  • photosynthesis
  • in food: processing, fermentation, food spoilage
  • in organism: help digestion and cause disease
35
Q

characteristics of archaea

A
  • found in extreme environment: hot, salt, low pH
  • source of enzyme
  • interaction: protozoa and methanogenic archaea in digestive animal tracts
36
Q

characteristics of protozoa

A
  • require moist environment ( fresh and salt water, soil )
  • adequate food supply
  • availability of water and organic matter
37
Q

roles of protozoa

A
  • important food source for microtubules
  • controlling population of bacteria, in soil they decompose it
  • release nutrient to soil from bacterial digestion
38
Q

roles of algae

A
  • increase organic carbon in soil
  • causing soil corrosion (from respiration product)
  • prevent soil erosion, improve soil aggregation
  • nitrogen fixation (by blu-green algae)
39
Q

roles of fungi

A
  • degrade organic matters
  • form humus
  • improve soil aggregation
  • helps plants root absorb nutrient
  • in food: fermentation, food spoilage
  • causing disease to human, plant, and animals
40
Q

examples of symbiotic and non symbiotic microbes

A

symbiotics: rhizobium, bradyrhizobium

non symbiotic: azospirillum, azotobacter, rhodospirillum, rhodobacter, chlorobium

41
Q

nitrogen fixed symbiotically … times more than non symbiotically in free-living in bacteria

A

5-10 times

42
Q

problem in acid mine drainage

A

acidification of water and surrounding soil

43
Q

acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and ferrooxidans found in …

A

acid environment

44
Q

what is microbial leaching

A

the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms

45
Q

microbial leaching in copper mining

A

using low grade copper ores

46
Q

what are the physical parameter of water in bacteria

A

salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH

47
Q

bacterial population in estuaries

A

pseudomonas, flavobacterium, an dvibrio

48
Q

microbes in river

A

bacteria (bacillus, actinomyces), fungi (penicillium, aspergillus), algae (microcystis, nostoc)

49
Q

meaning of color sign in water

A
  • red: high level of chlorophyll and productivity
  • yellow and green: moderate
  • blue and purple: oxygen-starved area
50
Q

what is phlorococcus

A

marine cyanobacterium that bring 50% of photosynthesis in open ocean

51
Q

factors affecting microbes not found in upper regions atmosphere

A

humidity, temperature, oxygen content, absence of nutrient and moisture, UV radiation, pollutant, low atm pressure

52
Q

role of atmosphere to microbes

A

as medium for dispersing microbes to new environment

Food Microbiology (8 decks)

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