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Food Microbiology > (3) Microbial Diversity: Fungi and Protist > Flashcards

(3) Microbial Diversity: Fungi and Protist Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 domain system

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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2
Q

what are the 6 kingdom system?

A

bacteria, archaea, protist, plantae, fungi, animalia

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3
Q

what are the traditional 5 kingdom system

A

same like 6 kingdom system + monera

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4
Q

what are the major groups of eukaryotes?

A
  • fungi: molds, yeasts, mushroom
  • protist: protozoans and algae

*all of those groups have single-celled representatives
*have multicellular forms in algae and fungi (mold and mushroom)

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5
Q

explain the brief of eukarya anatomy

A
  • outer layer: cell wall
  • internal structure: nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus,
    mitochondria, chloroplast
  • internal structure are enclosed in membrane that contain lipid called sterols (for enchancing rigidity)
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6
Q

what are groups of eukarya that possess cell wall?

A

fungi, algae, plant

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7
Q

what are 2 types of cell wall

A
  1. cell wall contain cellulose: a repeating chain of glucose molecule joined by beta 1,4 linkages, and include pectin and hemicellulose (plant, algae, and fungi)
  2. cell wall contain chitin: a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (yeast and mushroom)

*some protozoans and unicellular algae surrounded by flexible pellicle made by protein

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8
Q

function of cell wall in eukarya

A

exchange materials between cell and environment (plasma membrane role)

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9
Q

eukaryote, unicelluar or multicellular?

A

it can be both

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10
Q

what is the cell component that support motility of eukaryote?

A

flagella or cilia

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11
Q

mention the difference of flagella and cilia

A

flagella: have single flagellum, found in protozoans and motile algae, made up 2 central microtubules which it made of tubulin (protein

cilia: present in very large number of cell, mostly found in protozoans (ciliophora)

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12
Q

mention the similarities of flagella and cilia

A

both are not found in groups of fungi

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13
Q

does eukaryotes always have cell wall?

A

nope, most of them present by plasma membrane as their outermost layer

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14
Q

function of plasma membrane in eukarayotes

A

carries endocytosis (and exo) brought molecules from inside to outside. they don’t do cellular respiration

carbohydrates residue in plasma act as receptor for cell-to-cell recognition and cell adhesion

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15
Q

does eukaryotes has nucleus?

A

yes, it surrounded by nuclear membrane (double membrane) that contain spores while messenger RNA leaves nucleus to ribosomes during protein synthesis

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16
Q

does eukaryotes genetically haploid or diploid?

A

diploid, the DNA organized into one or more pairs of chromosomes

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17
Q

how’s DNA of eukaryotes of chromosome correlates with protein?

A

the DNA highly condensed and associated with protein (histones)

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18
Q

function of ER in eukaryotes

A

communication network, transport materials between part of cell

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19
Q

what are the difference of rough ER and smooth ER?

A

rough ER is associated with ribosomes, while smooth ER is not

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20
Q

how’s rough ER associated with ribosomes?

A

presence of ribosome gives ER involved in protein systhesis

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21
Q

describe golgi apparatus

A

complex, contain many organelles, arranged in stack called dictyosome

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22
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A
  • transport protein they’ve produces
  • package certain hydrolytic enzyme into lysosome

*the substance that are released are fuse with cytoplasmic membrane

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23
Q

peroxisomes vs lysosomes

A

proxisomes is smaller than lysososme, however both contain degradative enzyme (catalase) to breaks down toxic H2O2

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24
Q

define vacuoles in eukaryotes

A

derived from golgi apparatus, act as nutrients and waste product

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25
Q

function of vacuoles

A

important in regulating water content of cell

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26
Q

define mitochondria in eukaryotes

A

rod-shape enclosed by double membrane and inner surface is folded create cristae

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27
Q

function of mitochondria in eukaryotes

A

producing energy called ATP

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28
Q

define chloroplast

A

surrounded by double membrane and serves as energy-generating reactions, has sacs called thylakoids, and pigment called chrolophyll. Thylakoids are arranged by grana

29
Q

similarities between chloroplast and mitochondria

A

both contain 70S ribosomes, meaning limited DNA -> replicate themselves.

30
Q

define molds

A

long branching filaments called hyphae

31
Q

what is mycelium

A

network of fungal hyphae

32
Q

what is coenocytic fungi

A

molds which it’s cytoplasm pass through cells of hyphae uninterrupted by cross walls

33
Q

fungi that have cross walls

A

septate fungi

*cross walls: septa

34
Q

groups of fungi includes

A

yeast, ruts, smuts, mildews, mold and mushroom

35
Q

characteristics of fungi

A
  • most of them are free-living in soil or water, other form parasitic or symbiotic relationship with plant or animals
  • lack of chlorophyll and has unique structure than plants
36
Q

5 phyla (phylum) of fungi

A
  • chytridiomycota (water mold)
  • zygomycota (bread mold)
  • basidiomycota (mushroom, smuts, rusts)
  • ascomycota (yeast)
37
Q

what are the reproductive types of mold?

A

primarily asexual by spores (conidiospores, sporangiosperm, arthrospores), but many of them can be sexual spores (ascospores and zygospores, not common)

38
Q

define zygomycota

A

small phylum and formed by zygospore

39
Q

what is sporangium

A

structure inside spores development. Held in top of hypha called sporangophore

40
Q

function and characteristics of spores in mold

A

give specific color, asexual reproductive, release when thin wall of of sporangium rupture

41
Q

example of zygomycota

A

mucor and rhizopus

42
Q

example of chytridiomycota

A

allomyces (water mold), physoderma

43
Q

reproductive types of chytridiomycota

A

asexual when release of zoospores derived through mitosis

sexual, when the fusion of isogametes

44
Q

define cytrids (cytridiomycota)

A
  • some of them may live saprobically (in rich organic matter without oxygen) on decaying plant and animal, other may act as parasites of plant and algae
45
Q

does chytrids unicellular?

A

yeas, but some of them form mycelia of coenocytic hyphae

46
Q

characteristics of ascomycota

A

production of haploid ascospores through meiosis of diploid nucleus

47
Q

reproduction types of ascomycota

A

asexual

involves production of airbone spores called conidia, carried on specialized hyphae called conidiophores

the conidia germinate to form another mycelium (haploid)

48
Q

asexual vs sexual reproduction

A

sexual, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique.

asexual, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.

49
Q

example of yeast

A

saccharomyces, candida, torula

50
Q

reproduction types of yeast

A

asexual by mitosis and budding

51
Q

yeast is..

A

single cell microorganism (3-4 mm)

52
Q

reproduction types of basidiomycota

A

asexual (less frequent than other types of fungi)

53
Q

basidiomycota is…

A

25k large groups contain true mushroom

54
Q

derived name of protista

A

greek word “protisto” meaning “the very first”

55
Q

characteristics of protisa

A
  • unicellular, few of them are multicellular (seaweed)
  • movement by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia
  • asexual, only occur during stress
  • can be autothropic (create their own food) and heterotrophic (from animal or plant nutrints)
  • usually aquatic, present in soil or moisture are
56
Q

define protista

A
  • all protist are eukaryotic
  • have nucleus and membrane bound organelle
57
Q

define protozoa

A

unicellular organism and parasitic which lives in larger organism

58
Q

4 major groups of protozoans

A
  1. amoeboid protozoans (amoeba)
  2. flagellated protozoans (euglana)
  3. ciliated protozoans (paramecium)
  4. sporozoans (plasmodium)
59
Q

characteristics of amoeboid protozoans

A

live in fresh water, have pseudopodia to change shape and capturing food

60
Q

characteristics of flagellated protozoans

A

have flagella, free living, has chlorophyll, parasitic

61
Q

characteristics of ciliated protozoans

A

have cilia all over body to help locomotion and nutrition, aquatic

62
Q

characteristics of sporozoans

A

their life cycle has spore-like stage

63
Q

define algae

A

derived from kingdom protista, has 30k species

64
Q

characteristics of algae

A
  • single nucleus, some cells are multinucleate
  • some of them are siphonaceous (many nuclei not seperated by cell walls)
  • classified into colors (red, brown, green with choloroplast pigment)
65
Q

characteristics of dinoflagellata (fire algae)

A
  • photosynthetic contain chrolophyll, carotenoids, xantophylls
  • develop red/ golden color in coastal water that may harm fish due to toxins
66
Q

characteristics chlorophyta (green algae)

A
  • have chrophyll a and b, carotenoids, rigid cell wall contain cellulose
  • unicellular
  • most of them are aquatic species (or marine)
  • can be asexual or sexual
67
Q

characteristics of diatom (golden-brown algae)

A
  • when diatoms die, fall into bottom of sea, represent mineral source
68
Q

characteristics of rhodophyta (red algae)

A
  • red due to to pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin
  • multicellular
  • act as source of compelx polysaccharides (for thickening agent)
69
Q

characteristics of phaeophyta (brown algae)

A
  • multicellular and large complex seaweed
  • used unusual polysaccharides called laminarin (beta 1,3 glucan)

Food Microbiology (8 decks)

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