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PBL SEM 3 > 5 - main theories of memory lecture > Flashcards

5 - main theories of memory lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

the loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia

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2
Q

what is memory?

A

the mental capacity to store and later recall or recognise events that were previously experienced

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3
Q

what are the 3 stages in the basic memory process?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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4
Q

what are the 3 types of memory encoding?

A

acoustic, visual and semantic

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of memory storage?

A

short and long term memory

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6
Q

what are the 2 main types of memory retrieval?

A

recall and recognition

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7
Q

what is recall?

A

accessing information without cues

eg. can you name the words from before

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8
Q

what is recognition?

A

identifying information using cues

eg. were the words below on the list

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9
Q

describe the multi-store model of memory

A
  • information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory
  • if this information is attended to, it enters the short-term memory (around 20 seconds)
  • if this information from the STM is rehearsed, then it is transferred to the long-term memory
  • long term memory differs in capacity and duration
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10
Q

describe sensory memory in the multi-store model

A
  • aka sensory information store (SIS)
  • 0.1-0.5 seconds
  • holds accurate, complete representation
  • encoding is sense-specific — different sensory memory stores for the different sensory modalities
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11
Q

describe short term memory in the multi-store model

A
  • lasts seconds to minutes
  • frontal and parietal lobes involved
  • capacity limited to 7 +/- 2 (rule of 7) = 7 pieces of information (+/-2) can be processed at one time
  • chunking = bolting bits of info together - rule of 7 still applies
  • has a limited capacity
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12
Q

describe long-term memory in the multi-store model of memory

A
  • info transferred here if rehearsed
  • duration potentially unlimited
  • much greater capacity
  • hippocampus essential to consolidation
  • sleep important for consolidation
  • encoding mainly semantic (by meaning)
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13
Q

what region of the brain is involved in the processing of emotional memories?

A

amygdala

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14
Q

what is the working memory theory?

A
  • an elaboration of the idea of short-term memory
  • different systems for different types of information
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15
Q

what are the 4 components of the working memory theory?

A
  1. central executive
  2. phonological loop
  3. visuo-spatial sketchpad
  4. episodic buffer
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16
Q

what is the central executive in working memory?

A
  • allocates limited attention resources to the other components of working memory
  • performs cognitive tasks such as problem solving
17
Q

what is the phonological loop component of working memory?

A
  • stores auditory information by silently rehearing sounds / words in a continuous loop : the articulatory process

eg. repeating a phone number over and over again

18
Q

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad component of working memory?

A
  • stores visual and spatial information
  • engaged when performing spatial tasks (such as judging distances) or visual ones (eg. counting windows on a house)
19
Q

what is the episodic buffer component of working memory?

A
  • dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, amd verbal information and chronological ordering (eg. the memory of a story/event. also has links to LTM and semantic meaning)
20
Q

what is the levels of processing model?

A
  • the depth of processing leads to stronger memories
  • not a linear process
  • the more information is elaborated or rehearsed, the stronger the memory is
  • rehearsal of info by just repeating doesnt lead to info being transferred to LTM
  • remember material much better if it is processed to a deeper level
  • stronger memories have meaning and must be understood
21
Q

what are the 2 types of processing in the levels of processing model?

A

superficial and deep

22
Q

what is superficial processing?

A

2 components:

  1. structural processing (appearing) — we encode only the physical qualities of something eg. how the letters look or the typeface of a word
  2. phonemic processing (sound) — we encode the acoustic qualities of something
23
Q

what is deep processing?

A

semantic processing — we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning

semantic — longer deeper memory

deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (eg. images, thinking, associations etc) of information and leads to better recall. for example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge

24
Q

what are the 2 types of long term memory?

A

explicit and implicit

25
Q

what is explicit long term memory?

A
  • declarative — consciously recalled
  • episodic (a holiday/first kiss) or semantic (facts/general knowledge)
  • affected by neurodegenerative diseases
26
Q

what is implicit long term memory?

A
  • non-declarative — knowledge without awareness (unconscious memory)
  • procedural (skills, actions eg. driving) or priming (bread - butter : associated words)
27
Q

what does the speed of forgetting depend on?

A

a number of factors:

  • its representation
  • difficulty learning the material eg. how meaningful it is
  • other physiological factors eg. stress + sleep
28
Q

what is the trace decay of forgetting theory?

A
  • forgetting in STM
  • memories leave a trace in the brain
  • fading of trace after 15-30 seconds
  • very little support for this theory — not possible to test
29
Q

what is the displacement from STM theory?

A
  • STM can only hold small amounts of information
  • when STM is ‘full’ new information displaces old information and takes its place
  • hard to test this theory
30
Q

what is the interference theory of forgetting?

A
  • theory of forgetting - LTM
  • memory can be dispruted/interfered with what we have previously learned
  • information in LTM may become confused with other information during encoding
31
Q

what is source confusion in false memories?

A

the memory of information as being obtained from one source when it was in fact obtained from another

32
Q

structures in what part of the brain are required for the retrieval of autobiographical memories?

A

medial temporal lobe — esp hippocampus

33
Q

henry molaison — what are the effects of having no hippocampus but striatum left intact?

A
  • no hippocampus — can’t make new memories, recall facts and events that happened during his life
  • striatum left intact — ability to learn new motor skills remained
34
Q

factual knowledge becomes independent of what with time?

A

the hippocampus

35
Q

what does memory retrieval involve?

A

the reactivation of cellular ensembles in the medial temporal lobe and neocortex which constitutes a memory trace

36
Q

what relies on the temporal lobe and what doesn’t?

A
  • older childhood memories don’t
  • recent LTM do

temporal lobe important for conservation of memories

PBL SEM 3 (49 decks)

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