4 - the effects of deafness on listening and attention lecutre

Question 1

what is audibility carried by?

Answer 1

vowel sounds — low to mid frequency sounds with high energy

Question 2

what is intelligibility carried by?

Answer 2

consonants — high frequency sounds with low energy

Question 3

what does 2-4 kHz carry in terms for intelligibility of speech and energy?

Answer 3

carries 90% of the intelligibility of speech but 10% of the energy

Question 4

what is listening and what is it supported by? attention?

Answer 4

• not just hearing
• listening requires and is closely intertwined with auditory attention
• understanding of the world supports our listening
• involves the organisation and use of auditory input to support interaction with the environment, people, events etc
• an active listener brings expectations to the situation, makes decisions about what to attend to and is always proactive in ensuring that interpretation is meaningful
• attention develops over time

Question 5

what are the 4 stages in listening development?

Answer 5

• detection
• discrimination
• identification
• comprehension

Question 6

when does detection start?

Answer 6

• responses in utero around 25-27 weeks gestation
• maturation of cochlea at birth

Question 7

describe discrimination

Answer 7

• children need to learn the key features that are associated with sound/phenome/word etc both in isolation and in continuous speech
• continues in later life eg. discriminating and identifying bird song

Question 8

what does identification require?

Answer 8

• memory to attribute meaning
• the listener to be able to identify the suprasegmental features of speech eg. rhythm, intonation and stress

Question 9

describe comprehension

Answer 9

• listening becomes closely linked with language : words, sentences, discourse and narrative
• requires the child to be able to remember, process, respond, recall and retell and work things out
• children must hear it all and hear clearly

Question 10

describe the cycle of learning

Answer 10

better listening —> better language —> improved comprehension —> better language —> better listening etc

Question 11

what are the stages in the development of attention?

Answer 11

• fleeting attention — child is highly distracted by other sounds and movements
• inflexible and rigid attention — the child focuses on an activity of their house
• flexible single channelled attention — the child’s attention can be transferred from the task when directed by an adult
• focussed single channeled attention — the focus can be directed from the task to the adult under the child’s own control
• two channelled attention — the child can switch between auditory and visual stimuli for short periods of time
• sustained attention — the child can control their attention

Question 12

children do not have adult attention levels until roughly what age?

Answer 12

14

Question 13

what 2 things underpin the development of spoken language?

Answer 13

listening and attending

Question 14

what 2 things are interwoven with hearing loss?

Answer 14

listening and attention - important for parents to be aware of