5: Macromolecules Part 2

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

A biologically functional molecule consisting of 1+ polypeptides folded & coiled into a specific 3D structure

Question 2

Polypeptide

Answer 2

A polymer of many amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Question 3

Amino acid

Answer 3

An organic molecule possessing a carboxyl & amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

Question 4

Amino group

Answer 4

A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 H atoms, can act as a base in a solution accepting a H ion and squiring a charge of 1+

Question 5

Carboxyl group

Answer 5

A chemical group present in organic acids & consisting of a single carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom & nodes to a hydroxyl group

Question 6

Peptide bond

Answer 6

Covalent bond between the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid &I the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

Question 7

Chaperonin

Answer 7

A protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins

Question 8

Denaturation in proteins

Answer 8

A protein loses its shape due to the disruption of weak Chem bonds & interactions, so they’re more biologically inactive. Occurs under extreme non cellular conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temp

Question 9

Denaturation of DNA

Answer 9

The separation of the 2 strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temp

Question 10

Nucleic acid

Answer 10

Polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves as a blueprint for proteins and all cellular activities. (DNA & RNA)

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

Nucleus acid in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, & thymine. Capable of being replicated & determining the structure of cell proteins

Question 12

RNA

Answer 12

A nucleus acid consisting of a polynucleotide made of nucleotide monomers with the bases ACGU (uracil) usually single stranded, functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, & as the genome of some viruses

Question 13

Transcription

Answer 13

Synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

Question 14

Translation

Answer 14

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic info encoded in a mRNA molecule. There’s a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids

Question 15

Polynucleotide

Answer 15

Polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. Can be DNA or RNA

Question 16

Nucleotide

Answer 16

Building block of a nucleus acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base & 1 + phosphate groups

Question 17

Ribose

Answer 17

Sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Question 18

Deoxyribose

Answer 18

Sugar component of DNA nucleotides, has one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose

Question 19

Double helix

Answer 19

Form of native DNA, 2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

Discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

Question 21

Nucleosome

Answer 21

The basic unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone

Question 22

Histone

Answer 22

A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure

Question 23

Chromosome

Answer 23

A cellular structure consisting of 1 DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

Question 24

Central dogma of biology

Answer 24

DNA goes to RNA through transcription, which goes to proteins though translation. DNA-RNA-proteins