5. Intersectionality

Question 1

what is Social stratification?

Answer 1

Social stratification = a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

is a characteristic of society
2) persists over generations
3) is universal but variable
4) involves not just inequality but beliefs
5) engenders shared identities

Question 2

What did Kimberlé Crenshaw say? why?

Answer 2

• Kimberlé Crenshaw first coined the term in 1989
  
  • Groups of people experience serious disadvantages because they are only looked at from the perspective of one single categorical axis
     For example: black woman (either female or black)
  • falling into more than one disadvantaged social category makes
    you multiply-burdened → (dis)advantages collide, interlock and intersect

Why?
-Increased integration and participation → increased exposure to
exclusion (for example in the labor market or in education)
-Increased integration and participation makes people more aware of political and social discussions about integration, migration, racism
(and Islam in NL)

Question 3

what is the integration paradox?

Answer 3

Definition: individuals who are most ‘rooted’ experience
discrimination most”

phenomenon of the more highly educated and
structurally integrated immigrants turning away from the host society, rather than becoming more oriented toward it

An individual who is both in a low social category but also a high one leads to more discrimination.
Increased integration → exposure for exclusion Second generation immigrants are the best example of this. Immigrant background means lower status but higher socioeconomic status

Causes
Resentment from society
Stereotyping
Isolation from society or groups, don’t quite fit in anywhere
→ Relative deprivation, its all about who you compare yourself to, may feel deprived in how they do not fit in a higher or lower group
→ more involvement in social and political discussions

Question 4

Intersectionality as habitus?

Answer 4

Personal identities formed through group
Group formed by individuals
Distinctions between white and black live in an amphibious way in “our bodies”, or in ourselves bc of the way race does play a significant role in shaping fortunes and lives
Especially for economic reasons did discrimination really take off (colonialism/imperalism)
The way racial discriminations live on

Question 5

intersectionality from BM view

Answer 5

*not only used as a field of study, but also as an analytical strategy

*intersectional way of thinking about the problem of similitude and distinction and its relation to power, represents analytic sensibility

• intersectionality may be a tool for political engagement