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Repro Phys > 5. Hormonal Control of Reproduction > Flashcards

5. Hormonal Control of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What three parts of the hypothalamus have a direct influence on reproduction?

A
  • Surge center
  • Tonic center
  • Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
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2
Q

What is the hormonal axis that is key to hormonal regulation of the reproductive system?

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Specialized capillary network that allows delivery of hormone or regulatory molecule from hypothalamus to pituitary without entering general circulation

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system allow?

A

Minute quantities of releasing hormones to act on the anterior pituitary before being diluted by general circulation

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5
Q

Substance produced by a gland that acts on a target tissue to bring about a change in the tissue

A

endocrine hormone

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6
Q

What is a half-life and do hormones have relatively long or short half-lives?

A
  • The time required for one-half of a quantity of hormone to disappear from the blood or from the body
  • Short; they are degraded after they cause an effect
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7
Q

Substance produced by target tissue in response to hormone stimulates production of more hormone.

A

positive feedback

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8
Q

Substance produced by target tissue in response to hormone inhibits production of hormone.

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

What type of feedback does progesterone have on the hypothalamus and what is the impact on follicular development?

A
  • negative ffeedback
  • high progesterone causes decreased GnRH secretions –> decreased LH/FSH –> little follicular development
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10
Q

What type of feedback does estrogen have on the hypothalamus and what does it cause on the ovary?

A
  • Positive feedback
  • High estrogen causes increased GnRH –> LH surge –> ovulation
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11
Q

What role do kisspeptin neurons play in reproduction?

A

stimulate activity in GnRH neurons

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12
Q

what is a second messenger?

A
  • An intracellular material that responds to a hormone-receptor complex and initiates a specific set of intracellular reactions
  • cAMP
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13
Q

How are the chemical structures of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) related?

A

The alpha subunit for FSH, LH, and TSH are identical within species

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14
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones used in this class?

A
  • Source
  • Mode of action
  • Biochemical classification
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15
Q

What are the 5 sources of reproductive hormones and give examples of what kind of hormone each source secretes.

A
  • Hypothalamus – releasing factors
  • Pituitary – gonadotropin, somatotropin, prolactin, oxytocin
  • Gonads - steroids
  • Uterus – prostaglandins, steroids
  • Placenta – steroids, others
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16
Q

List the actions of reproductive hormones

A
  • Release of other hormones
  • Stimulation of the gonads: gonadotropins
  • Sexual promotion: steroids
  • Pregnancy maintenance
  • Luteolysis
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17
Q

List the four biochemical structures of hormones studied in this course.

A
  • peptide
  • protein
  • steroids
  • prostaglandins
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18
Q

_____________ have carbohydrate moieties that effect stability and increase half-life.

A

glycoproteins

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19
Q

What do steroid hormones have in common?

A
  • common molecular core
  • 4 carbon rings
  • synthesized from cholesterol
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20
Q

What molecule is the precursor for steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

What is the precursor of estradiol?

A

testosterone

22
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone into estradiol?

A

aromatase

23
Q

What are prostaglandins derived from?

A

arachidonic acid

24
Q

what hormones causes luteolysis?

A

prostaglandin f2a

25
Q

what is luteolysis?

A

destruction of the CL

26
Q

which organ metabolizes steroids?

A

liver

27
Q

which two organs metabolize proteins?

A

liver and kidneys

28
Q

Which type of hormone is metabolized quicker: steroid or protein/peptide?

A

steroid

29
Q

What hormone acts on the anterior pituitary to signal the release of LH and FSH?

A

GnRH

30
Q

What hormones stimulates testosterone production in males and stimulates ovulation in females?

A

LH

31
Q

What hormone is responsible for sertoli cell function in the male and follicular development in the female?

A

LSH

32
Q

What hormone is responsible for lactation, maternal behavior, and CL function?

A

prolactin , PRL

33
Q

what hormone affects PGF synthesis and pre-ejaculatory movement of spermatozoa in the male and uterine motility, PGF synthesis, and milk ejection in the female?

A

oxytocin

34
Q

What hormone is responsible for sexual behavior, GnRH, elevated secretory activity of the entire tract, and enhanced uterine motility in the female?

A

estradiol

35
Q

what hormone inhibits GnRH release and reproductive behavior while promoting maintenance of pregnancy and endometrial secretion?

A

progesterone

36
Q

What hormone promotes anabolic growth, spermatogenesis, and accessory sex gland activity in the male?

A

testosterone

37
Q

what hormone inhibits FSH secretion?

A

inhibin

38
Q

what hormone promotes the softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments?

A

relaxin

39
Q

High concentrations of what hormone inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH, through a negative feedback control?

A

progesterone

40
Q

High concentrations of what hormone stimulate a greater surge of of GnRH, LH, and FSH, through positive feedback control?

A

estradiol

41
Q

what effect does progesterone have on GnRH?

A

negative control; inhibits secretion

42
Q

describe the conversion of cholesterol to estradiol

A

cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> progesterone –> testosterone –> estradiol

43
Q

What is the source of progesterone?

A

CL and placenta

44
Q

What are sources of estradiol?

A

granulosal cells of follicle, placenta, sertoli cells of testes

45
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

leydig cells in male & theca interna cells in female

46
Q

What cells produce inhibin?

A

granulosal cells (female) & sertoli cells (male)

47
Q

What sources produce prostaglandin?

A

uterine endometrium & vesicular glands

48
Q

The structure of glycoproteins (FSH, LH, and TSH) consists of two subunits. The _____ subunit is the same among the three hormones, but the ____ subunit is unique for each hormone.

A

alpha
beta

49
Q

the primary mechanism of action of steroid hormones involves the ____________________ mechanism.

A

slow response

50
Q

when the female is not pregnant, the endometrium will produce __________ that will be redirected to the ovary and cause _________________. This will result in a _______________ of the hormone ___________________ which will remove the negative feedback on the hypothalamus and allow a new cycle to begin

A

prostagladin
luteolysis
decrease
progesterone

Repro Phys (6 decks)

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