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Repro Phys > 2. Female Reproduction > Flashcards

2. Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 parts of the female reproductive tract.

A

Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva

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2
Q

What is the space between the rectum and the reproductive organs called?

A

The rectogenital pouch

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3
Q

Why is it possible to manually palpate/ultrasound the cow and mare reproductive tracts?

A

The reproductive tract lies directly beneath the rectum which is large enough in the mare and cow to allow for insertion of human arm and ultrasound

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4
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

Attaches the female reproductive tract to the abdominal wall

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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the female reproductive tract (outermost to innermost)?

A
  • serosa
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
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6
Q

Which layer of the female reproductive tract controls the environment of the lumen with secretory products?

A

mucosa

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7
Q

What are the two layers that make up the muscularis (outermost to innermost)?

A

longitudinal
circular

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8
Q

What layer of the female reproductive tract houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics?

A

submucosa

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9
Q

Which layer of the female reproductive tract provides smooth muscle contraction?

A

muscularis

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10
Q

Which layer of the female reproductive tract is made of single squamous cells?

A

serosa

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11
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovary?

A

gamete and hormone production

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12
Q

What is the dense outer layer of the ovary called?

A

tunica albuginea

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13
Q

What type of cells make up the tunica albuginea?

A

single layer of cuboidal cells

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14
Q

What part of the ovary houses the developing follicles and corpus luteum (except in mare)?

A

cortex

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15
Q

What part of the ovary houses blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves?

A

medulla

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16
Q

What 2 hormones does the ovary produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells; most immature follicle

A

primordial follicle

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18
Q

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells

A

primary follicle

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19
Q

oocyte with 3 or more cell layers but no antrum

A

secondary follicle

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20
Q

oocyte that contains a fluid antrum

A

antral follicle

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21
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of follicle cells in an antral follicle (outermost to innermost)?

A
  • theca externa
  • theca interna
  • granulosa cell layer
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22
Q

which layer of the follicle produces estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid; have FSH receptors; and govern the maturation of the oocyte?

A

granulosa cell layer

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23
Q

Which layer of the follicle produces androgens under the influence of LH?

A

theca interna

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24
Q

Which layer of the follicle surrounds and supports the follicle?

A

theca externa

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25
Q

How is the mare ovary different from other domestic species?

A
  • the ovarian medulla is on the outside and the cortex is on the inside (reverse of other species)
  • ovulation in the mare only occurs at the ovulation fossa rather than in random locations of the ovaries as seen in other species
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26
Q

What structure forms where the follicle was on the ovary after ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum –> corpus luteum –> corpus albicans

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27
Q

What cell type do the theca interna and granulosa cells form after ovulation?

A

luteal cells

28
Q

What hormone do the luteal cells secrete?

A

progesterone

29
Q

What structure forms when theca interna cells and granulosa cells differentiate into luteal cells?

A

corpus luteum (CL)

30
Q

If pregnancy does not occur when the CL degenerates to form what structure?

A

corpus albicans (CA)

31
Q

What are the 3 sections of the oviduct?

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
32
Q

What is the term for the opening into the oviduct?

A

ostium

33
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A

oviduct

34
Q

What is the term for the hollow, funnel-shaped opening that sweeps the surface of the ovary and captures the oocyte?

A

infundibulum

35
Q

What is the name of the site where the isthmus of the oviduct joins the uterus?

A

uterotubal junction

36
Q

What 3 things does the environment in the oviduct support?

A
  • the free-floating, unfertilized oocyte
  • spermatozoal function
  • development of early embryo
37
Q

What type of uterus has two cervices?

A

duplex uterus

38
Q

What type of uterus consists of distinct uterine horns and a single cervix?

A

bicornate uterus

39
Q

Which ovarian structure produces estrogen?

A

granulosa cells

40
Q

What type of uterus consists of a large uterine body without uterine horns?

A

simplex uterus

41
Q

What type of uterus does a cow have?

A

bicornate uterus

42
Q

what is the term of destruction of a corpus luteum?

A

luteolysis

43
Q

What hormone does the endometrium produce to cause regression of the CL if not pregnant?

A

prostaglandin

44
Q

Where is luteinizing hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary gland

45
Q

What 3 layers make up the uterus?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
46
Q

What is the name of the serous outer covering of the uterus that is continuous with the peritoneum?

A

perimetrium

47
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle layer consisting of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer?

A

myometrium

48
Q

What is the mucosal lining of the uterus called?

A

endometrium

49
Q

What is different about the endometrium in primates compared to domestic animals?

A
  • in primates, layers of the endometrium are sloughed off if pregnancy does not occur (menstruation)
  • in domestic animals, secretory activity of uterine glands changes during cycle and endometrium is not sloughed
50
Q

Which species have caruncles?

A

ruminants; cow and ewe

51
Q

What are non-glandular protuberances of the uterine endometrium that will become the maternal portion of the placenta in ruminant species?

A

caruncles

52
Q

In non-ruminants, the endometrium has ________ that will provide surface for the development of the placenta.

A

endometrial folds

53
Q

Describe the general anatomy of the cervix.

A

Cervical canal that is surrounded by single or multiple folds or rings protruding into the cervical canal

54
Q

During estrus, the cervix of the _____ is characterized by the production of large amounts of mucus that provide lubrication for copulation.

A

cow

55
Q

the fornix vagina is made up of what type of cells?

A

columnar epithelial cells

56
Q

What is a cervical protrusion into the anterior vagina called?

A

fornix vagina

57
Q

Name two species that have a fornix vagina

A

cow and mare

58
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical mucus produced during estrus?

A

Provides lubrication and a flushing system to remove foreign material introduced during copulation

59
Q

What is the role of the cervix during pregnancy?

A

Isolates the uterus from the external environment during pregnancy by forming a barrier consisting of highly viscous mucus (due to the influence of progesterone)

60
Q

The anterior/cranial vagina is made up of what type of cells?

A

secretory columnar epithelium

61
Q

The vestibule/caudal vagina is made up of what type of cells?

A

stratified squamous epithelium that thickens dramatically during estrus due to influence of estrogen

62
Q

What portion of the vagina is common to the urinary and reproductive system?

A

vestibule aka caudal vagina

63
Q

What is the suburethral diverticulum?

A

An outpocketing of tissue located just beneath the urethra that forms a blind pouch with probably no functional significance

64
Q

What are the main functions of the oviduct?

A
  • Transporting oocyte and spermatozoa to site of fertilization
  • Supports spermatozoa (storage reservoir for sperm)
  • Early embryo development
  • Embryo movement
65
Q

What is the copulatory organ in the female?

A

vagina

66
Q

What is the female homologue of the glans penis?

A

clitoris

67
Q

what are the two major hormones produced by the ovary and which ovarian structure produces each of these hormones?

A

estrogen - ovaries
progesterone - CL

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