Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 226 > 5 From Gene to Phenotype > Flashcards

5 From Gene to Phenotype Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

TF AT has 3 H bonds and CG has 2 H bonds

A

F, AT has 2 bonds and CG has 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the diff between a nucleotide and a nucleoside

A

Side= no phosphate
Tide= phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TF DNA stores data very well

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)

A

RNA molec has an OH in part of the 5 membered ring, in DNA its just a H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TF RNA uses Uracil not Thymine

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the coding and non coding RNAs

A

Coding
- mRNA
Non-Coding
- snRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- miRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the details of transcription DNA–>RNA

A

○ Happens in RNA polymerase
○ Unwinds DNA
○ Creates DNA polymer
○ DNA rewinds
○ mRNA released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the details of RNA synthesis

A

○ Uses ribonucleotide triphosphates
○ U instead of T
○ Only 1 strand of DNA is used as template
○ RNA strands can be initiated de novo (no primer req)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

TF RNA is complimentary to the template strand

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the template strand is read ___to___ and is made __to__

A

3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TF in prokaryotes transcription and translation can happen at the same time

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why can transcription and translation happen at the same time in proks

A

Don’t have nucleus so rna doesnt need to leave into the cytoplasm to get translated
○Ribosomes jump on rna strand as it being made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the steps to transcription in proks

A

§ Initiation
□ 2 part
® Rna polymerase binds to promoter (cis regulatory element)
® Then unwinds DNA
§ Elgogation
□ Rna chain grows copying from 3’ to 5’
□ Produces RNA dowm middle while rewinding at the end
§ Termiantion
□ 2 ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the start of transcription in proks begins with the ___(RNA polymerase binding site)

A

promoter sequence (TATA Box)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what comes at the end of the promoter sequence in prok transcription

A

+1 site (the process of transcribing starts here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the start codon

A

ATG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TF there is a 5’ and 3’ UTR at the beginning and end of the transcription sequence

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does UTR mean

A

untranslated region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is after the 3’ UTR in prok transcription

A

3’ Poly A tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is intrinsic termination

A
  • GC rich area creates hairpin structure
  • Large poly A region created on hairpin
  • the As not strong enough to hold on
  • Pulls RNA polymerase off
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is factor dependant termination

A

® Rho protein (trans) binds to Rho utilization site
® Creates ball like structure (same idea as hairpin)
® Disassembles RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a cis and a trans element

A
  • Cis element = same side rna sequences, not moving anywhere
  • Trans element = across sides, can move anywhere in genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the main role of RNA polymerase 2 in euks

A

rna transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many rna polymerases are in euks

A

5 different ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

RNA polymerase 2 is aided by what in transcription

A

TF (transcription factors)

26
Q

what are transcription factors + what do they do

A

□ Proteins that bind dna and help initiate transcription

27
Q

TF Most promoters contain a TATA box (which is the promoter)

A

T

28
Q

what happens in initiation in euk transcription

A

○ Transcription initition complex made by transcription factors
§ Uses general TFs

29
Q

what happens in elongation in euk transcription

A
  • polymerase starts synthesis
  • CTD (C-terminal domain) recruits mRNA processing proteins
30
Q

what is CTD made of

A

phosphorus chain

31
Q

what are the 3 jobs of CTD

A

Capping
Splicing
Polyadenylation

32
Q

what is CTD capping

A

□ Protect mRNA from nucleases
□ 5’-5’ cap defends the bond that the nucleases want to break (more stability)
□ Prevents degredation

33
Q

what is CTD splicing

A
  • Introns are removed prior to their transport to the cytoplasm
  • the “mature gene” is the final product with the introns removed
34
Q

what is an intron

A

non coding sequence

35
Q

what does splicing allow for

A

gene variations from a single gene

36
Q

what are 2 ways splicing happens

A
  • self splice
  • RNA/protein complex splicing
37
Q

what is self splicing

A
  • no protein involved
  • no energy req
  • Enzyme “ribosime” folds itself and chops
38
Q

what is RNA/protein complex splicing

A

◊ Splisosome (Enzymes +snRNAs) recognize introns and splice them
◊ Req energy

39
Q

a fault in splicing may cause

A

diseases and mutations

40
Q

What can splicing do ?

A
  • make multiple proteins froma single gene
41
Q

what are proteins from the same gene but are spliced differently called

A

isoforms

42
Q

what is Polyadenylation

A

□ Adds poly A tail to end of transcript
□ Happens during elongation
□ Protects mrna with all the As = more stability

43
Q

what is the final product of transcription in euks (front-mid-back)

A

5’ cap - only coding sequences - 3’ Poly(A) tail

44
Q

TF eukaryotes synthesise RNA faster than proks

A

F, Proks r faster bc theyre a lot simpler

45
Q

what are the mmain differences between prok and euk transcription

A

prok
- 1 polymerase
- sigma TFs
- simple transcript
- Final = DNA (almost naked)

euk
- 3 polymerases
- multisubunit general TFs
- Processed transcription (cap,introns,etc)
- Final = chromatin

46
Q

what are some challenges of euk transcription

A

□ Hard to located promoters
□ Decoupling makes it harder bc theres more mechanisms
□ Polymerase has more subunits
□ TFs needed
□ Several RNA ploymerases

47
Q

how do we bind amino acids to tRNAs

A
  • Use enzyme “aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase” (ATS)
    □ Binds specific acid to specific tRNA
48
Q

which ribosome is bigger a prok or a euk

A

prok

49
Q

what are the 3 sites of ribosomes

A

A) Aminacyl binding site
P) Peptidyl binding site
E) Exit site

50
Q

what is the starting unit of initiation in proks

A

shine-delgarno sequence

51
Q

where is the shine delgarno sequence

A

in the 5’ UTR

52
Q

in initiation in in euks, the small subunit binds to the _____ in P site and also bind to ________ with help of initiation factors

A

Met-tRNA
mRNA 5’ cap

53
Q

what is elongation of translation like in proks (APE sites)

A

1) Aminoacyl tRNA binds to A site with help if Elongation fators (A site only used in elongation not initiation)
2) Peptide bonds form between AAs with enzyme peptidyl transferase
3) tRNAs translocate (move sites) with help of Tfs
4) tRNAs leave, cycle repeats

54
Q

what are the steps to termination of translation in proks

A

○ Release factors bind into A site (Stop codons don’t have tRNA associated with)
○ Polypeptide chain release from ribsome
○ Everything releases and if waiting to be used again

55
Q

what are the best and worst possibilities for mutations

A

Silent>3bp>frameshift

56
Q

what are some traits of the genetic code

A

○ Nucleuotide triplets code for certain aminoacids
○ Non overlapping
○ Comma free
○ Start and stop codon
○ 64 permutations
○ 20 amino acids
○ Wobble rules

57
Q

what is the wobble rule

A

the 3rd spot is less strict on what must be there in a base triplet

58
Q

what is an antisense RNA (ssRNA)

A
  • single stranded RNA t
    ○ Template for RNA protein synthesis as template to replicate genome (multiply virus)
    ○ Accomplished without DNA
    ○ Can create DNA from RNA (sense + antisense)
  • Can integrate DNA into hosts genome
    □ Uses enzymes called reverse transcriptase
59
Q

what is a PRION

A

Protein + Infection

60
Q

What are some traits of Prions

A

○ Transmissable
○ Turns brain into dried sponge and u die (mad cow disease)
- Misfolded protein
- Resistant to proteolysis (reshaping of protein)

61
Q

what is abiogenesis

A

○ RNA world hypothesis
§ Life may have started as RNA
§ RNA can act like DNA
§ Ribozymes
□ Like proteins but not as efficient

BIO 226 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions