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BIO 226 > 2+3 Non-disjunction and ploidy + Gene Interaction > Flashcards

2+3 Non-disjunction and ploidy + Gene Interaction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is mendels first law

A

Alleles of a single gene segregate independently from each other

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2
Q

what is mendelas second law

A

Alleles of different genes segregate independently from each other

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3
Q

If a male is affected by an X-linked trait, then all his daughters are ______ and all his sons ______

A

-carriers
- will not be affected (father doesn’t give son his X chromo)

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4
Q

TF Nearly all affected people are male

A

T

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5
Q

If a female is a carrier of an X-likned trait then ___ of her sons are affected and _____ her daughters are carriers

A

-half
-half

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6
Q

for dominant x-linked diseases, Affected males transmit their trait to all the _______ and none of their _____

A

-daughters
-sons

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7
Q

TF x-linked affected heterozygous females transmit the trait to all of their children regardless of sex

A

F, transmit to 1/2 their children

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8
Q

what is an allopolyploid

A

the containment of the multiple copies of chromosomes of different species.

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9
Q

what is an aneuploid

A

having mismatched number of chromos

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10
Q

what is an autopolyploid

A

the containment of multiple copies of chromosomes in the same parent.

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11
Q

what is an autosome

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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12
Q

what is a chromatid

A

One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome

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13
Q

what is a chromosome

A

2 sister chromatids

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14
Q

what is a diploid

A

2n - normal for most eukaryotes

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15
Q

what is euploidy

A

having a normal number of each chromosome

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16
Q

What is polyploidy

A

extra copies of each chromosome
- triploid = 3n
- tetraploid = 4n

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17
Q

what is a haploid

A

missing copies of all chromosomes ( only 1 set of chromos)
- monoplod = 1n

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18
Q

what does hemizygous mean

A

they have only one copy of it present in their organism. For example, in mammals, males are hemizygous for genes on the Y chromo

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19
Q

what is a karyotype

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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20
Q

what is monosomy

A

Imbalance in chromosome
Monosomy is an example of aneuploidy, which is an imbalance in chromosome numbers.

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21
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes

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22
Q

what are intra-allelic effects

A

○ Multiple alleles of the same gene affecting the phenotype together

23
Q

what does haplosufficent mean

A

More formal form to say dominance
○ Only requires one copy for its phenotype to be produced

24
Q

what does haploinsufficent mean

A

○ Formal way to say recessive
○ Genes that require more than 1 copy to produce the phenotype

25
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

blended phenotypes
○ Heterozygote has a third phenotype
- New phenotype not presented in parents
○ Third phenotype is a blending of the first 2

26
Q

what is codominance

A

Shared dominance
○ Not a blend but a 50/50 of the first 2 phenotypes
○ Ex) the A B O blood group

27
Q

what is a null allele

A

a nonfunctioning allele

28
Q

what is a hypomorphic allele

A

has partial function

29
Q

what is pleiotropy

A

Single alleles has more than 1 phenotypic effect

30
Q

A 2:1 ratio in a punett square indicates a _______ copy

A

lethal

31
Q

what is variable penetrance

A

Same mutant genotype may or may not show the phenotype (all or nothing)

32
Q
  • What determines penetrance (if the phenotype is shown)
A

○ Modifier genes
○ Environmental factors
○ Allelic variation

33
Q

what is variable expressivity

A

all or some

34
Q

what is variable penetrance and expressivity

A

all, some, or none

35
Q

what are interallelic effects

A

○ multiple genes affecting the same phenotype

36
Q

what is a monogenic trait

A

1 gene accounts for 1 phenotype

37
Q

what is a pleiotropic gene

A

1 gene has multiple effects (phenotypes)

38
Q

what is a polygenic trait

A

multiple genes coding for 1 phenotype

39
Q

how can we test for a monogenic vs polygenic trait

A

compliment test

40
Q

what does a compliment test do

A

hide the mutations and find the WT phenotype

41
Q

how do we do a compliment test

A

cross homozygous recessive mutants

42
Q

in a compliment test, if both alleles of 1 gene are still mutant and have the recessive mutant phenotype, that means that

A

the mutations are on the same gene

43
Q

in a compliment test, if 1 allele of a gene is WT and have the WT phenotype, that means that

A

mutations are on different genes

44
Q

what is complimentary gene interaction

A
  • compliment test
  • 2 loci, 1 trait, 2 phenotypes
    ○ Will get genotypic ration 9;7 (9; 3+3+1) after crossing F2 generation
    (white and blue flowers)
45
Q

what is additive gene action

A

○ 2 loci, 1 trait, 4 phenotypes
- Alleles of 2 genes generate 4 phenotypes
(orange and black snake)

46
Q

is additive gene action mendelian ? why ?

A

not mendelian
4 phenotypes for 1 trait

47
Q

what is duplicate gene action

A

○ 2 loci, 1 trait, 2 phenotypes
○ Ratio of dominant phenotype is many more than the recessive
Only way to get the recessive phenotype is is both genes are double recessive
(no dominance presence will give a recessive phenotype)

48
Q

what is epistasis

A

○ Allele of one gene overrides the other gene in the phenotype
- If one gene is present the other gene is ignored and sits under the first gene

49
Q

what is dominant epistasis

A
  • Dominant allele of 1 gene masks the effect of the second one (dominant or recessive)
  • 2 loci, 1 trait, 3 phenotypes
  • 12:3:1 phenotypic ratio
    (think of eggplants)
50
Q

what is recessive epistasis

A
  • Recessive allele of 1 gene masks the effect of the second one (dominant or recessive)
  • 2 loci, 1 trait, 3 phenotypes
  • Phenotypic ratio : 9;3;4
    (think of the labradoodles)
51
Q

give the phenotypic ratios for the following gene interactions
- additive
- complimentary
- recessive epistasis
- dominant epistasis
- duplicate

A

9:3:3:1
9:7
9:3:4
12:3:1
15:1

52
Q

if we have 1 gene and the ratio is 3:1 it is ____
1:2:1 is ____
2:1 is ___

A
  • Mendelian
  • Co-dominance
  • Lethal
53
Q

what is a hypostatic gene

A

one whose phenotype is altered by the expression of an allele at a separate locus, in an epistasis event.
Example: aa bb In labrador retrievers

54
Q
A

BIO 226 (10 decks)

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