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HORT 1102 - Botany > 5: Ferns & Gymnosperms > Flashcards

5: Ferns & Gymnosperms Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of plants are ferns?

A

Seedless vascular

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2
Q

T or F: Ferns produce seeds

A

FALSE. They produce spores

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3
Q

What is the phylum/division of ferns?

A

Pterophyta

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4
Q

Do ferns experience alternation of generations?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Which generation is dominant in ferns?

A

the SPOROPHYTE (diploid) generation is dominant and those are the fern fronds that we see

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6
Q

Which generation is smaller in the fern life cycle?

A

the GAMETOPHYTE (haploid) generation is much smaller

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7
Q

What occurs in the sporophyte generation? is this stage diploid or haploid?

A

DIPLOID.

The sporangia in the sori undergo meiosis

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8
Q

What occurs in the gametophyte generation? is this stage haploid or diploid?

A

HAPLOID.

sexual reproduction occurs

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9
Q

Is the fern frond haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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10
Q

Describe the fern frond - which generation is it?

A

It is the “leaf” part that we use to recognize ferns - looks similar to a compound leaf.

it is the sporophyte generation (diploid)

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11
Q

What are the 7 structures of a fern frond?

A
  1. Frond Rachis
  2. Stipe (petiole)
  3. Pinna
  4. Pinnules
  5. Rhizome
  6. Adventitious roots
  7. Fiddleheads
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12
Q

What is the frond rachis?

A

found on fern fronds.

Similar to a rachis in a compound leaf, it is the stem that grows from the stipe (petiole) and where the pinna attach

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13
Q

What is the stipe?

A

The stipe is the name for the petiole of a fern frond.

It is where the frond attaches to the rhizome.

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14
Q

What are pinna?

A

The leaflets of the fern frond

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15
Q

What are pinnules?

A

The subunits of the pinna on a fern frond

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16
Q

What is the rhizome of a fern?

A

the underground stem that fern fronds are attached to (via the stipe)

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17
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

Roots that grow off the main stem

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18
Q

What are fiddleheads?

A

Uncurled fern fronds

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19
Q

Describe fern sori. What is their function?

A

Structure: the circular structures made up of clustered sporangia on the underside of the pinna. Each cluster is called a sorus. Multiple clusters are called sori.

Function: they are the site of meiosis –> they produce spores

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20
Q

Describe sporangia. Are they haploid or diploid?

A

Structure: Small groups of sacs or vessels that are filled with spore producing cells. A cluster of sporangia on the underside of a fern frond is called a sorus.

Function: the cells inside the sporangium undergo meiosis to produce spores

DIPLOID

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21
Q

Describe indusium

A

Some ferns have well defined shields that protect spores

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22
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

A

they rely on water for reproduction

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23
Q

Describe spores - what are their ploidy?

A

A reproductive cell capable of developing directly into a gametophyte

Haploid

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24
Q

How do fern spores germinate?

A

Spores are released onto the ground to germinate and form the gametophyte stage

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25
Q

Describe the fern gametophyte

A

A heart-shaped, HAPLOID, structure that produces an archegonia that will contain eggs and the antheridia that produce sperm fastened to the ground by rhizoids

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26
Q

Describe rhizoids

A

Root-like structure

27
Q

What happens to the fern gametophyte stage after fertilization?

A

The gametophyte generation will grow new sporophytes

28
Q

Describe gymnosperms and provide an example

A

A type of seed-producing plant that evolved after seedless vascular plants, but before angiosperms.

Gymnosperm = naked seed

they produce seeds without a fruit coating

ex. conifers

29
Q

What is the main difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

the method of pollination and the fruit

30
Q

What are the four phylums of gymnosperms?

A
  1. Coniferophyta (Pinophyta)
  2. Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
  3. Cycadophyta (Cycads)
  4. Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
31
Q

What is the method of pollination for gymnosperms?

A

Wind pollination

32
Q

in gymnosperms, where are the female gametophytes located?

A

Inside the ovulate cone

33
Q

In gymnosperms, where are the male gametophytes found?

A

Inside the pollen cone

34
Q

Which is the dominant generation in the gymnosperm life cycle?

A

Sporophytes (diploid) are the visible trees we see, the gametophyte generation is microscopic and inside cones.

35
Q

Describe the male cones of a conifer

A

Called pollen cones.
Structure: papery, covered in scales called microsporophylls

  • smaller than the female cones
36
Q

Describe the microsporophylls of conifer cones

A

Microsporophylls are the scales on the outside of the male pollen cone. They contain MICROSPORANGIA which contain MICROSPOROCYTES (diploid)

37
Q

What occurs to the microsporocytes inside the pollen cone?

A

The microsporocytes (2n) will undergo meiosis to produce 4 MICROSPORES (1n) that will become individual pollen grains

38
Q

Describe a pollen grain

A

a structure formed from the microspores that will develop into a male gametophyte

structure: has air sacs that will swell to aid in wind dispersal
- produces pollen tube and generative cells

39
Q

Describe pollen cone

A

the male strobilus that produces microsporangia

40
Q

Describe microsporangium of gymnosperms

A

where the pollen is produced

41
Q

Describe the female cones of conifers

A

Called ovulate cones

  • woody, tough cones, that are larger than male cones
  • contains ovules that will each mature into a seed and be shed from the cone when they mature (with seed wings to aid in dispersal)
42
Q

What occurs to the ovules?

A

The ovules will undergo cell divisions to produce MEGASPOROCYTES

43
Q

What occurs to the megasporocytes?

A

undergo meiosis to produce 4 MEGASPORES (1n) = 3 will become degenerate, leaving one survivor for the pollen grain to attach to

44
Q

What happens to the megaspore?

A

3 of the 4 will become degenerate.

The surviving megaspore will undergo meiosis to become a MEGAGAMETOPHYTE (1n)

45
Q

What happens to the megagametophyte?

A

Undergo more meiosis to produce multiple eggs (up to 6)

46
Q

T or F: multiple pollen grains can land on the ovule surface and all the eggs can fertilize, but only one embryo will survive?

A

TRUE

47
Q

After producing eggs, what is the purpose of the megagametophyte? is the megagametophyte diploid or haploid?

A

it will provide nutrients for the surviving embryo.

HAPLOID

48
Q

What is the redundant system?

A

the production and fertilization of multiple eggs to ensure that one embryo will survive

49
Q

When does fertilization occur in conifers?

A

in the second year

50
Q

What does the seed coat form from?

A

the integuments surrounding the ovule

51
Q

How does germination occur in a conifer?

A

The wing will tear away from the ovulate cone scale and the seed will fall to the ground and germinate (when conditions are right) to produce a seedling sporophyte

52
Q

T or F: ovules contain the eggs that are fertilized by pollen to produce a zygote that will become an embryo

A

TRUE

53
Q

What are the 8 structures of a conifer seed?

A
  1. shoot apical meristem
  2. Procambium
  3. root apical meristem
  4. root cap
  5. embryo (2n)
  6. pith
  7. megagametophyte (covering the embryo) (1n)
  8. seed coat/integuments (2n)
  9. outer seed wing
54
Q

T or F: the conifer embryo is haploid?

A

FALSE. it is diploid

55
Q

T or F: the conifer seed megagametophyte is diploid?

A

False. it is haploid

56
Q

T or F: the conifer seed coat/integuments are diploid?

A

TRUE

57
Q

What is the purpose of the root cap?

A

to protect the embryonic root while it pushes out of the seed coat

58
Q

What are the finger-like structures in the embryo?

A

the cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves)

59
Q

T or F: conifer seedlings can have multiple cotyledons

A

True

60
Q

Define hypocotyl

A

The portion of the stem that is below the cotyledon

61
Q

Define epicotyl

A

the portion of the stem that is above the cotyledons

62
Q

What are 3 conifer families? Give a species example of each

A
  1. Cupressaceae - cedars
    - ex. red cedar
  2. Pinaceae - Pines
    - ex. Scots Pine
  3. Taxaceae - Yews
    - ex.
63
Q

What are the 3 kinds of conifer foliage? Which families have which kind?

A
  1. Scale-like: snake-like scales embedded in foliage and smooth to touch
    ex. Cedars
  2. Awl-like: sharp tips with a concave and pointed end, not smooth to the touch and fingers will catch if you touch against the grain
    - ex. Blue Star Juniper
  3. Needle-like: long, skinny needles
    - ex. Pines
  4. Needle-like with petiole: broad flat needle with a petiole at base
    - ex. Yews

HORT 1102 - Botany (11 decks)

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