Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HORT 1102 - Botany > 1: External Features of Stems & Leaves > Flashcards

1: External Features of Stems & Leaves Flashcards

1
Q

Define annual and give an example

A

A plant that grows from a seed, flowers and sets seed then dies within a single growing season. This can also be called a bedding plant
ex. pansies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define perennial and give an example

A

Plants that have indeterminate lifespans and flower every year once mature, they come back each year.
ex. Any tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define biennial and give an example

A

A group of plants that complete their life cycle in 2 growing seasons. With vegetative growth in the first year, then flowers and sets seed in the second year. Entire life cycle lasts 2 years.
ex. Dianthus (Sweet William) flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define axillary/lateral bud

A

Buds occurring along the stem that are not the terminal bud. They are where a leaf blade is/was attached and they are called axillary or lateral buds because they grow at a lateral/axillary angle off the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two kinds of woody perennials? describe them and give an example

A
  1. Deciduous: shoots will drop leaves each fall
    - ex. Red Maple trees
  2. Coniferous (evergreen): shoots keep leaves over winter
    - ex. Pine trees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define bud scales

A

The outer protective, waxy coating that surrounds the apical meristem in a dormant bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define terminal bud scale scars. What purpose can they serve in identification?

A

A ring of scars produced by the bud scales being torn off as the bud expands in the spring time.
The number of bud scale scars that appear from tip down to main stem can determine the years of growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define compound leaf and what feature is used to determine?

A

A leaf where the blade is composed of two or more individual pieces called leaflets and each leaflet is attached to the petiole via either a rachis (pinnate arrangement) or petiolules (palmate arrangement).

This can be determined by looking for the petiole and whether there is an axillary bud attached at the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define dicot. What kind of leaf venation do they have?

A

A class of higher plants (Angiosperms) with seeds that have two cotyledons

Netted venation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define lenticel

A

raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that are the site for gas exchange between the atmosphere and plant tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define internode

A

The space on the stem that is between nodes (leaf attachments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define monocot. What kind of venation do their leaves have?

A

A class of higher plants (angiosperms) with seeds that have a single cotyledon

parallel venation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define leaf blade

A

The flattened part of a leaf that is specialized in photosynthesis. It is the entire compound structure that is made up of leaflets and is attached to the branch via a petiole and axillary bud.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define pinnately compound

A

The arrangement of leaflets on a leaf blade that radiate from the rachis in a manner that looks like feathers on an arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define simple leaf

A

1 of the 2 kinds of leaves with just one leaf blade - the opposite of compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the margin? what are some examples?

A

the outline of the leaf or leaflet

  • lobed
  • serrated
  • entire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between a midrib and a rachis?

A

a MIDRIB is found within a leaf blade of a simple leaf or the individual leaflets of a compound leaf blade. Whereas,
a RACHIS is found only in pinnately-compound leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define petiolule

A

The attachment between the leaflets and the petiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define node

A

A point on the stem with swelling where a leaf is attached or was once attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define leaf scar. What is inside the leaf scar?

A

The scar that is left on the stem where a leaf was once attached. Inside the leaf scar there are vascular bundle scars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define leaf

A

the primary photosynthetic organ of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define leaflet

A

One of the individual flattened blades or components of a compound leaf that make up the entire leaf blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define lobed margin. Give an example of a plant with a lobed leaf blade

A

A lobed margin is when the leaf blade has rounded bumps

Example: Garry Oak leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define midrib

A

The central vein of a leaf that is raised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define netted venation. What are the two kinds? And is this found in dicots or monocots?

A

When the venation on a leaf is intertwined rather than parallel

Can be either palmate venation or pinnate venation

This is found in dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is opposite leaf arrangement?

A

When two leaves are attached to the same area of the stem but on opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define palmate venation

A

A kind of netted venation when leaf venation radiates from the site where the petiole joins the leaf blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define palmately compound

A

When the leaflets are arranged in a way that radiates from the same point on the petiole
ex. Cannabis leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define parallel venation, what kind of plants (monocot or dicot) is this found in?

A

The major veins run parallel to the midrib and each other.

Found in monocots like grasses, sedges, and rushes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define petiole

A

The stem-like structure that attaches a leaf blade to a stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define petiolule

A

The stem-like structure that attaches a leaflet to a rachis or the petiole in compound leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define pinnate venation

A

A kind of netted venation where the veins in a leaf blade radiate from the central midrib in a way that looks like feathers on an arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define pith

A

The central portion of a stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define rachis

A

The central, stem-like axis of a pinnately-compound leaf that extends from the petiole to the end of the leaf blade

rachis means spine or ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define sheath

A

The part of a grass leaf that wraps around the flowering, jointed and usually hollow stalk of grasses (culm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define stipule

A

A modified leaf that grows at the junction of leaves and the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define terminal bud

A

The bud on the youngest, apical portion of a stem/shoot - where the new growth will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define vascular bundle scars

A

Scars within the leaf scar that mark where the vascular bundles were when the leaf was attached to the stem

39
Q

Define venation and what are the 3 kinds

A

Venation is the pattern of the major veins within a leaf blade

  1. pinnate
  2. palmate
  3. parallel
40
Q

Define whorled leaf arrangement

A

leaf arrangement where 3+ leaves are attached to the stem at one node, generally all around the stem

41
Q

What are some common kinds of leaf arrangements?

A
  • opposite
  • alternate
  • whorled
  • basal
42
Q

Define basal leaf arrangement

A

leaf arrangement where the leaves are attached at the base of the stem
ex. dandelion

43
Q

What are the common kinds of leaf attachments?

A
  • petiolate
  • sessile
  • sheathing
  • decurrent
44
Q

What are the common kinds of leaf margins?

A
  • lobed
  • serrated
  • entire
  • crenate
  • spinose
45
Q

Define evergreen herb

A

A nonwoody plant that remains green and does not die back during winter

46
Q

Define evergreen

A

a plant that remains green in the winter

47
Q

T or F: the term evergreen distinguishes whether a plant is herbaceous or woody?

A

FALSE. Both woody and herbaceous plants can be evergreens

48
Q

Define herbaceous

A

plants characterized by the lack of woody tissue
- many herb. perennials die back to the ground and resume growth in the spring from their perennial organs such as roots, tubers, or rhizomes

49
Q

What is the dormant growing point between the stem and leaf?

A

Axillary/lateral bud

50
Q

What kind of leaf has a blade divided into pieces?

A

compound

51
Q

What are the individual pieces of a blade in a compound leaf called?

A

leaflets

52
Q

What is the kind of venation that occurs when minor veins that crisscross within the leaf blade of a dicot?

A

Netted venation

53
Q

What is the top most bud on a stem called?

A

terminal bud

54
Q

What is the stem-like connection of a leaf blade that connects the pieces of a compound leaf?

A

rachis

55
Q

What are the flat, green portions of a leaf called?

A

leaf blades

56
Q

What are the vascular marks within a leaf scar called?

A

Vascular bundle scars

57
Q

what is the vascular system that carries fluids in a leaf blade?

A

Veins

58
Q

What are the ring marks that appear on a woody stem when the bud expands in the spring?

A

Bud scale scars

59
Q

What is the mark on a woody stem where a leaf has fallen off called?

A

leaf scar

60
Q

What are the “breathing holes” on the surface of a woody stem called?

A

Lenticels

61
Q

What is the small appendage attached at the base of a petiole in some plants called?

A

stipule

62
Q

What is the stalk-like base of a leaf called?

A

petiole

63
Q

What is the main stem that runs the length of a leaf blade called?

A

midrib

64
Q

What is it called when a leaf blade is in one piece?

A

simple

65
Q

What kind of venation is it when the veins run the length of a leaf without crossing?

A

parallel venation

66
Q

What is a non-woody stem or plant part called?

A

herbaceous

67
Q

What is the section of stem called that is between leaf/bud attachments?

A

internodes

68
Q

What is the section of stem called that runs between two leaves that are attached in an alternate pattern?

A

internode

69
Q

T or F: the leaves of dicot plants have netted venation?

A

TRUE

70
Q

What bud type forms at the tip of each stem?

A

terminal buds

71
Q

T or F: Terminal buds are always found at the tip/apex of a stem?

A

TRUE

72
Q

T or F: there can sometimes be more than one terminal bud depending on the plant species?

A

TRUE

73
Q

What is the botanical term for the “growing point” of a stem?

A

apical meristem

74
Q

What are the marks called that remain on the stem, usually in a ring formation, after the bud breaks in the spring?

A

bud scale scars

75
Q

What happens to form the bud scale scars?

A

the base of each bud scale that covered the dormant bud during the winter tears off and leaves a scar on the stem when the bud expands in the spring

76
Q

What is the central stem-like “backbone” of a COMPOUND leaf to which “pieces” of a leaf blade are attached?

A

rachis

77
Q

What is the function of a rachis and where is it located?

A

it is a stem-like piece that holds the leaflets (like a spine holds ribs) and it starts at the bottom leaflet and runs to the base of the terminal bud

78
Q

what stem-like part of a leaf attaches the flat green part to the stem?

A

petiole

79
Q

What are the small marks called that are left inside a leaf scar after a leaf falls off in the fall?

A

Vascular bundle scars

80
Q

What is the flat green part divided into in a compound leaf?

A

leaflets

81
Q

Define grasses - which family do they belong to?

A

Grasses are monocots with simple leaves that have parallel venation. They are herbaceous stems with nodes and leaf sheaths

Poaceae family

82
Q

Define rushes - which family do they belong to?

A

Grass-like plants with stems that are not jointed (NO NODES), but are still hollow. Their leaves are usually just small sheathes, but some can have blades and appear like grasses

Juncaceae family

83
Q

Define sedges - which family do they belong to?

A

Grass-like plants with triangular shaped stems (or a folded V shape) with a solid pith and no joints. Most blades are flattened but some can look grass like with nodes and alternating leaves

Cyperaceae family

84
Q

What are the main differences between grasses, rushes, and sedges?

A

GRASSES: have nodes, leaf sheathes, and circular stems

RUSHES: do not have nodes, have sheathes, circular stems

SEDGES: do not have nodes, have solid pith, triangular shaped stem, generally flattened blades

85
Q

Define culm, which plants have these?

A

Grasses, sedges, and rushes

86
Q

In the winter what will you find on the surface of the stem directly beneath each bud of a deciduous tree? Why?

A

leaf scars because a leaf is always attached to the stem just below a bud. When the leaf falls off, a leaf scar appears below the bed where the leaf once was.

87
Q

What is the thick vein that runs down the centre of a pinnately veined leaf blade called?

A

Midrib

88
Q

how do temperate shrubs and trees protect their dormant buds through the winter?

A

Buds are covered with bud scales

89
Q

Where on the stem would a leaf or leaves and a bud or buds be attached?

A

Nodes. These are the sections of the stem where both a bud and a leaf are attached

90
Q

What part of the plant is folded up under the bud scales of an axillary bud that will become the photosynthetic unit when the bud expands in the spring?

A

Immature leaves

91
Q

What is the function of the midrib?

A

It surrounds the main vein that carries water into the leaf and sugar out of the leaf

92
Q

What are the five plant types?

A 
annuals
biennials
perennials
grass like
bulb like
93
Q

How can you test if a stem is woody or herbaceous?

A

if you can scrape the centre of the stem out, it has a PITH which means it is herbaceous.

This will not be possible if it’s woody because woody plants do not have piths

HORT 1102 - Botany (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions