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5. energy changes in organisms Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main key products of the light dependent reaction?

A

reduced NADP
ATP

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2
Q

where does the light dependent rection take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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3
Q

what does photolysis form?

A

free electrons and H+ ions

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4
Q

what are electrons created by photolysis needed for?

A

electrons to be ‘excited’ in chlorophyll 2

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5
Q

what are H+ ions from photolysis needed for?

A

chemiosmosis

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6
Q

what happens to electrons excited by light energy in chlorophyll 2?

A

‘jump’ up to electrons acceptor

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7
Q

energy change after first electrons acceptor in LDR?

A

energy released, given to resynthesise ATP, move to chlorophyll 1

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8
Q

name of ATP resynthesis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

energy change after second electron acceptor in LDR?

A

smaller amount of energy released, NADP reduced

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10
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

H+ ions actively transported into membrane cells, diffuse out causing ATP synthase to be activated

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11
Q

where is the thylakoid membrane

A

flattened sacs in stroma of chloroplasts

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12
Q

where does the light independent reaction take place?

A

stroma

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13
Q

first step of LIR?

A

CO2 converted to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), catalysed by rubisco

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14
Q

what happens to RuBP?

A

unstable (6C), breaks into two glycerate phosphates (3C)

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15
Q

what happens to glycerate phosphates in photosynthesis?

A

reduced to two triose phosphates

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16
Q

2x reactions that occur during reduction of glycerate phosphate

A

reduced NADP -> NADP
ATP -> ADP +Pi

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17
Q

2 functions of formed triose phosphate

A
  • regenerate RuBP
  • some is used to make sugars/lipids/amino acids
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18
Q

four stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

stages of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation
lysis
pyruvate produced

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20
Q

what is phosphorylased in respiration? products?

A

glucose -> fructose bisphosphate
2ATP-> 2ADP + Pi

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21
Q

what happens during lysis in aerobic respiration?

A

fructose bisphosphate -> 2x triose phosphate

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22
Q

what happens during production of pyruvate in aerobic resp? reactant?

A

triose phosphate
ATP formed
reduced NAD formed

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23
Q

what happens during the link reaction?

A

pyruvate catalysed to acetyl coenzyme A
NAD -> reduced NAD

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24
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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25
where does the link reaction occur?
matrix of mitochondria
26
first step of krebs cycle?
acetyl coenzyme A -> citrate
27
second step of krebs cycle?
citrate -> intermediate (5C) NAD -> reduced NAD loss of CO2
28
third step of krebs cycle?
intermediate (5C) -> oxaloacetate (4C) 2NAD - > recued NAD FAD -> reduced FAD ADP + Pi -> ATP loss of CO2
29
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
30
first step of oxidative phosphorylation
reduced NAD and FAD in electron transport chain H+ diffuses through membrane
31
second step of oxidative phosphorlyation
some H+ moves back through membrane by facilitated diffusion (energy from etc) ATP synthase activated (ATP formed) H+ forms H2O (oxygen = final electron acceptor)
32
where does anaerobic resp occur?
cytoplasm
33
reaction of anaerobic resp?
pyruvate - > lactate reduced NAD -> NAD
34
why does anaerobic resp occur?
allows glycolysis to continue
35
reaction of fermentation in animals?
pyruvate -> ethanol + CO2 reduced NAD -> NAD
36
where does fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
37
glycolysis marking points
phosphorylation of glucose, oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate, net gain ATP, NAD reduced
38
time experiment is left before measurements taken (3)
time to 'equilibrate' allow for rate of respiration to become constant expansion and pressure changes
39
photosynthetic products
sugars not used in respiration starch phospholipid bilayer etc
40
biomass
dry mass of an organism carbon in an organism
41
glycolysis
phosphorylation of glucose using ATP oxidation of triode phosphate to pyruvate net gain of ATP NAD reduced
42
what is triose phosphate used for in LIR
some used to regenerate RuBP some used to make sugars, lipids and amino acids
43
technical name of LIR
Calvin cycle
44
define ecosystem
all biotic and abiotic factors in a given area
45
brief description of energy transfer in food chain
energy from sunlight plants energy from eating animals
46
define biomass
dry mass of an organism/mass of carbon in an organism
47
how to calculate biomass
leave organism in low temp oven and find mass everyday 3x the same score = biomass
48
gross primary production
total energy consumed by an organism from food source/sunlight
49
net primary production
GPP - R
50
respiratory energy
energy used for respiration.
51
primary productivity
total amount of chemical energy in given area at given time
52
sources of energy loss down food chain
excretion/urination not consuming entire animal not digesting entire organism
53
secondary primary production equation
N = I - (F+R)
54
sabrobiants
feed on dead plant and animal matter aid in recycling of important chemical elements excrete enzymes = extracellular digestion
55
extracellular digestion
excreting enzymes to break down dead animal and plant matter
56
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship with plant roots hyphae which connect to plant roots large SA = more ions and water uptake
57
nitrogen fixation
bacteria turns nitrogen gas to ammonium gas to ammonium ions plant provides carbohydrates symbiotic relationship
58
ammonification
sabrobionds feed on dead animal and plant matter makes ammonium ions
59
nitrification
bacteria change Ammonium ions into nitrites and nitrites into nitrates
60
eutrophication
fertilisers run off causes algal bloom blocks sunlight to aquatic plants decomposing bacteria feed off dead plants use up oxygen respiring organisms die

biology (8 decks)

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