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biology > 2. cells > Flashcards

2. cells Flashcards

1
Q

name the three domains

A

Archaea (prokaryotes)
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Eukarya (eukaryotes)

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1
Q

why squash sample under microscope

A

one cell thick
light can pass through

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2
Q

archae

A

extreme environments
no nucleus
smaller than bacteria

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3
Q

bacteria

A

no nucleus
bigger than archae
binary fission

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4
Q

eukaryote

A

membrane bound nucleus
sexual and asexual repdroduction

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5
Q

contents of HIV

A

viral RNA
protein capsid
reverse transcriptase

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6
Q

how does HIV replicate

A

attachment proteins attach to T helper cells
viral RNA enters cell
reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
DNA integrase causes HIV DNA to enter human DNA
DNA codes for viral capsid
viral particle released from T helper cell

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7
Q

long term effects of HIV infection

A

stops producing antibodies
B helper cells no longer activated

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8
Q

AIDS

A

HIV positive person who can no longer produce antibodies

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9
Q

vaccines

A

suspension of specific antigens to induce artificial immunity

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10
Q

two types of vaccines

A

live attenuated (weakened)
inactive

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11
Q

why are vaccines ineffective against HIV

A

can’t get inside T helper cells
HIV has high mutation rates

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12
Q

eukaryotes v prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes much smaller (0.5-5um), eukaryotes (up to 11um)

eukaryotes DNA is histones associates in chromosomes but prokaryote is circular in the cytoplasm

binary fission/mitosis or meiosis

eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes

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13
Q

cell wall of prokaryotes

A

murein

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14
Q

cell wall of plants

A

cellulose/lignin

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15
Q

cell wall of fungi

A

chitin

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16
Q

optical microscope

A

shines light through to make an image
limits resolution
wavelength too low
images in colour
can use living organisms

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17
Q

scanning electron microscopes

A

beam of electrons at specimen
bounces back to make an image
can be used on thick/3D specimen
lower resolution
cannot be used on live specimen
image in black and white
external structure only

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18
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

beam of electrons through specimen
high resolution
internal structures
only very thin specimen
cannot be used on live specimen
black and white

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19
Q

optical v electrical

A

size (easy to carry optical)
vacuum needed for electron
easy to use optical
magnification greater on electron

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20
Q

types of artefacts in microscope images

A

dust
air bubbles
fingerprints

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21
Q

determining if its an artefact or not

A

prepare with different techniques to see if its still there

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22
Q

resolution v magnification

A

magnification = how many times bigger
resolution = ability to distinguish between different things due to wavelength

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23
Q

test for starch

A

iodine = makes it darker
easier to see in image from microscope

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24
cell fractionation
homogenisation filtration ultracentrifugation
25
homogenisation
breaking up cells cold isotonic buffer homogeniser (blend cells) breaks up plasma membrane
26
filtration
filtered with gauze remove large debris unhomogenised cells makes filtrate
27
ultracentrifugation
centrifuge low speed + low time remove pellet and re-spin supernatant higher speed + longer time organelles removed by mass
28
interphase
normal cell processes makes replication of DNA
29
prophase
chromosomes condense spindle fibres begin to form nuclear envelope breaks
30
metaphase
chromosomes line up at equator centrosomes reach opposite poles spindle fibres attach to centromeres
31
centromere
where sister chromatids cross
32
centrosome
opposite poles of cells where spindle fibres go
33
anaphase
spindle fibres shorten sister chromatids drawn to opposite poles of the cell
34
telophase
spindle fibres break down begin to form nuclear envelopes chromosomes begin to decondense
35
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides into two
36
importance of mitosis
growth of organism repair of damaged tissues asexual reproduction
37
oncogenes
mutated genes that cause cancer
38
binary fission
cell contents doubles (organelles and DNA) cell divides into two
39
viral replication
bind to membrane of host cell viral DNA/RNA enters host cell reverse transcriptase makes RNA into DNA DNA integrase inputs into cells DNA codes for more viral particles
40
hypotonic solution
lower concentration higher water potential water moves away from solute (into cells)
41
hypertonic solution
higher concentration of solute low water potential water moves towards solution (away from cells)
42
co-transport
active transport of Na+ ions out of ileum maintains concentration gradient (by Na+/K+ pump) glucose moves through carrier protein with Na+ by facilitated diffusion glucose moves by facilitated diffusion out of ileum into capillary
43
stages of phagocytosis
phagocytes move to sight of infection attach to foreign antigens engulf pathogen and trap in phagocytic vacuole (endocytosis) makes phagosome lysosome binds to phagosome and released lysozymes to digest the pathogen foreign antigens move to cell membrane so phagocyte becomes antigen presenting cell
44
cellular response
t-lymphocytes specific cell surface receptors activated when they bind to an antigen presenting cell divide by mitosis to make t-helper cels and t-killer cells
45
t-helper cells
release hormones stimulate maturing of B-lymphocytes to antibody secreting plasma cells production of memory B cells activation of t killer cells
46
t-killer cells
t-killer cells attach tp pathogens presenting foreign antigens
47
humoral response
b-cells stay in the bone marrow until mature with specific antibodies on surface if in contact with specific pathogen they divide by mitosis and become memory cells or plasma cells
48
plasma cells
release a lot of specific antigens
49
memory cells
remain in blood for a long time bind to specific pathogens makes more memory cells and more plasma cells
50
primary response
correct b-lymphocyte is identified antibodies are released memory cells produced slow long time to find b cell, long time for mitosis, long time for antibody production
51
secondary response
memory cells bind produce more b-helper cells and plasma cells
52
what is in a vaccine
weakened form of pathogen antigens genetic material to code for the antigen
53
55
What can pass through phospholipid bilayer
Small non polar molecules Dissolved gases
56
Define antigen
Markers on a cell surface membrane made of protein and specific to the cell
57
58
How does a eukaryotic cell make a protein
DNA codes for primary structure Made at ribosome Mitochondria makes ATP for protein synthesis Golgi packages/modifies Vesicles transport Fuse with cell surface membrane
59
Golgi body + glycerol
Modifies/processes Combines triglycerides with proteins Packaged for release/exocytosis Forms vesicles
61
Adaptation of cells for absorption
Folded membrane so large SA More carrier/channel proteins Mitochondria = ATP production/aerobic respiration Enzymes to maintain conc gradient
62
Monoclonal antibody
Same tertiary structure Identical/cloned plasma cell ``
63
Monclonal antibodies
Same tertiary structure Identical/cloned plasma cell/B-cell
64
Monclonal antibody as drug
Binds to antigen/blocks binding site
66
67
Role of micelles
Carry fatty acids and glycerol through membrane

biology (8 decks)

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