5. Elizabeth I Flashcards
What action did Elizabeth take to particularly agitate the Spanish in relation to money? When? How much? - Elizabeth I
In 1568, Elizabeth impounded 400,000 florins of money from Spanish ships blown into English ports by a storm that was intended for the Duke of Alba. This heavily agitated the Spanish.
When did Elizabeth expel the Sea Beggars from English ports? What were the consequences of this? - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars (Dutch pirates) from English ports in 1572. This saw this group land in the Netherlands, sparking a large revolt against the rule of the Spanish in the Netherlands.
Who did Spain install to oversee control of the Union of Arras? What was their intention? - Elizabeth I
Spain placed the Duke of Parma in the Southern Netherlands to act as a direct enforcer of control there. Parma’s aim was to launch a full conquest into the Northern Netherlands and assert Spanish power here.
When was Portugal taken by Spain? How did Elizabeth respond to this? - Elizabeth I
Portugal was taken by Spain in 1580, with Elizabeth choosing to support the Portuguese pretender, Don Antonio, here. She also knighted Sir Francis Drake to infuriate the Spanish and treated the Spanish ambassador poorly.
When was the Treaty of Joinville agreed (and who by)? What consequences did this have for England? - Elizabeth I
The Treaty of Joinville was agreed in 1584 by Spain and the French Catholic League, creating an alliance between the 2. This worried Elizabeth as she feared that, as Philip was now allied with the Guises, he would potentially support the claim of Mary, Queen of Scots.
When was the Treaty of Nonsuch agreed (and who between)? What were the terms of this treaty? - Elizabeth I
The Treaty of Nonsuch was agreed in 1585 between England and Dutch Protestants. This agreed for English troops to be sent to the Netherlands to protect it from potential Spanish conquests in the region.
When did England successfully attack Cadiz? What impacts did this have on the Spanish Armada? - Elizabeth I
England attacked Cadiz in April 1587, with this attack delaying the Spanish Armada’s voyage as the ships they planned to use were stuck in this harbour.
When did the Spanish Armada engage in battle with England in the Channel from-until? - Elizabeth I
The Armada engaged in light battle with the English in the Channel from the 30th July until the 6th August 1588.
When did the Spanish Armada’s attempted invasion of England occur? - Elizabeth I
The Spanish Armada attempted to invade England from July 1588.
From 1795 onwards, how many attacks did England make on mainland/colonial Spain? - Elizabeth I
From 1795, England made 3 attacks on Spain’s mainland and colonies.
What example is there of a successful attack on Spain? When? How many galleons were sunk in this attack? - Elizabeth I
England successfully captured and occupied Cadiz in 1596, sinking 4 galleons in the process.
What example is there of an unsuccessful attack on Spain’s colonies? When? What consequences were there of this attack? - Elizabeth I
In 1596, Hawkins and Drake advocated an attack on Panama. Having thought that this was a weak point in Spain’s empire, this attack dramatically failed, leaving both Hawkins and Drake to die at sea.
When was the Madre de Dios captured? What is this an example of? - Elizabeth I
The Madre de Dios was captured in 1592. This is an example of a successful PPPE.
When did Philip launch a further unsuccessful attack on England following the Spanish Armada? What was the outcome of this? - Elizabeth I
Philip launched another attack on England in 1596 when ordering a fleet to invade England. However, given that weather conditions were terribly poor given that autumn had set in, much of the fleet was sunk.
When did Spain attempt to exploit an Irish rebellion to threaten England? What was the outcome of this? - Elizabeth I
Spain attempted to exploit an Irish rebellion in 1597. This resulted in no successes as the wind prevented Spain from landing here.
What was the significance of Sir Francis Vere’s appointment to oversee English interests in the Netherlands in 1589? What resulted from this? - Elizabeth I
Sir Francis Vere was a highly competent military tactician who managed to create a successful alliance with the leaders of the Northern Netherlands. This resulted in the gradual retaking of Spanish held Dutch provinces, removing the influence of foreign powers over this region.
In what year had all Spanish troops been expelled from the Netherlands? - Elizabeth I
By 1594, all Spanish troops had been ousted from the Netherlands.
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed (and who between)? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was signed in 1559, with this concluding the war between England/Spain and France and allowing France to retain Calais for 8 years (returning to England if the peace was maintained in the meantime).
When was the Treaty of Berwick agreed (and who between)? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I
The Treaty of Berwick was agreed in February 1560, agreeing for conditional support for the Lords of the Congregation against French threats and eventually leading to an army being sent to Scotland.
Who was the leader of the French Huguenots? What was he promised by Elizabeth in terms of support against Catholics? - Elizabeth I
The French Huguenots were led by the Prince of Conde.
He was promised 6000 men and a loan of £30,000 to manage conflict with French Catholics.
When was the Treaty of Troyes agreed (and who between)? What did this agree? - Elizabeth I
The Treaty of Troyes was agreed in 1564 between England and French factions, with this losing Calais permanently, losing indemnities gained in Cateau-Cambresis and causing major damage to her confidence in her foreign policy and her prestige.
When was a complete embargo placed on trade between England and Spain? Why? - Elizabeth I
A complete embargo was placed on trade between England and Spain in 1563, with this following the seizure of English ships by the Duke of Alba.
How much did England spend on intervention in the Netherlands from 1589-94? Was this justified? - Elizabeth I
England spent £750,000 on intervention in the Netherlands to assist Dutch Protestants from 1589-94. This was admittedly costly, but did result in a reduction of Spanish power here.
When was the English/Spanish trading embargo lifted? - Elizabeth I
The English/Spanish trading embargo was lifted in 1574.
How much did the Spanish Armada campaign cost England? - Elizabeth I
The Spanish Armada campaign cost England £160,000
How many sailors did Spain have in the Armada? How many sailors did England have? - Elizabeth I
Spain - 8,000
England - 14,000
What was the difference between the English and Spanish armies? - Elizabeth I
England had no permanent standing army, meaning that troops had to be gathered on an ad-hoc basis to fight off foreign threats. In contrast, Spain had a permanent army. However, the Spanish army was not prepared to undergo rigorous journeys.
When were the English victorious at Bergen-op-Zoom under Lord Willoughby? What was the significance of this? - Elizabeth I
The English were victorious at Bergen-op-Zoom under Willoughby in 1588, with this significant as it continued to overturn Spanish control of the Netherlands.
When was the Statute of Artificers passed? What measures did this set out? - Elizabeth I
The Statute of Artificers was passed in 1563. This set out for compulsory labour during harvest times, a minimum period of one year for the hire of workmen to create labour stabilities and the setting of a maximum wage rate by JPs in each county to keep these regulated.
What impacts had reforms to the church had on poor relief? - Elizabeth I
The reforms to the church through the dissolution of monasteries and other religious institutions had meant that many institutions offering poor relief had been lost, meaning alternative means were needed.
What action did Elizabeth take to attempt to solve issues with the currency? What were impacts of this? (Positive and Negative) - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth withdrew all debased coins from circulation early in her reign, replacing these with soundly minted coins. This did result in some people losing money as a result, however it resulted in the value of the currency being stabilised and preventing major inflation.
How many Marian bishops remained in office following Elizabeth’s alterations to religion? What does this indicate - Elizabeth I
Only 1 Marian bishop remained in office following Elizabeth’s religious reforms, indicating that Elizabeth’s shift back towards Protestantism was unpalatable to the Catholics of Mary’s reign.
Who did Elizabeth appoint to be Archbishop of Canterbury? What was significant about this individual? - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth appointed Matthew Parker to be Archbishop of Canterbury, who had previously served as chaplain to the extremely Protestant Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth’s mother. He was also a married clergyman.
When were the 39 Articles of Religion passed? What did these determine? - Elizabeth I
The 39 Articles of Religion were passed in 1563, setting down the doctrines and character of the English Church following years of change throughout the English reformation.
When was the Act of Supremacy passed? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I
The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1559, restoring the royal supremacy over the Church. This therefore rejected the papal supremacy, restored the Reformation legislation of Henry VIII, revived powers of royal visitation and made so that an oath of supremacy would be taken by clergymen and officials.
What was Elizabeth’s title at the top of the Church of England? - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth was made to be the ‘Supreme Governor of the Church of England’.
How many parish clergymen were deprived of offices for refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the Queen as Supreme Governor? What % of the total was this? - Elizabeth I
2000 parish clergymen were deprived of offices for refusals to take oaths of allegiance to the Queen as Supreme Governor, around 25% of the total.
When was the Act of Uniformity passed? What was this? - Elizabeth I
The Act of Uniformity was passed in 1559, with this being a modified version of the 2nd Book of Common Prayer passed under Edward and Northumberland.
How was the Act of Uniformity 1559 modified from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer? (2) - Elizabeth I
The 1559 Act of Uniformity allowed variations in the Eucharist that left the possibility of transubstantiation. It also omitted the ‘Black Rubric’, the mechanism designed to justify the practice of kneeling during the mass to ardent Protestants, with this perhaps intended to appeal to Catholic conservatives.
What was the ‘black rubric’? - Elizabeth I
The ‘black rubric’ was a mechanism used in the 1552 Book of Common Prayer to explain away the practice of kneeling during the mass and reduce the significance of this practice to radical Protestants.
What issue was created over church ornaments and the clothing of the clergy by the Act of Uniformity 1559? - Elizabeth I
The 1559 Act of Uniformity introduced that ornaments and clothing in clerical settings should be introduced as they were prior to the 1549 Book of Common Prayer, meaning that a Catholic influence would remain over these aspects of practice and features of the church.
When were Elizabeth’s royal injunctions passed? What did these determine in terms of Protestantism? - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth’s royal injunctions were passed in 1559 to set out the conduct and character of the Church. These emphasised that the Church should suppress superstition, remove Catholic features such as church altars for the mass (taking place instead at a table), pilgrimages and candle use were disapproved of, English Bibles were required in parish churches.
