2. Henry VIII

Question 1

When did Henry’s first period of conciliar government operate? - Henry VIII

Answer 1

Henry’s first period of conciliar government operated between 1509 and 1515.

Question 2

When did Wolsey become appointed as Papal Legate? Why was this significant? - Henry VIII

Answer 2

Wolsey became Papal Legate in 1518, which gave him precedence over the Archbishop of Canterbury in terms of Church rank, as well as that Wolsey was in control of England’s religious orders.

Question 3

When was Wolsey appointed as Lord Chancellor? - Henry VIII

Answer 3

Wolsey was appointed by Henry VIII as Lord Chancellor in 1515.

Question 4

When did Henry VIII have Buckingham executed? Why? - Henry VIII

Answer 4

Henry had the Duke of Buckingham executed in 1521. He did this because Buckingham allegedly discussed the succession, which can be seen as treason. Buckingham was, however a royal descendant, and Henry was suspicious of this, perhaps also fearful.

Question 5

When were Empson and Dudley arrested? When were they executed? Why? - Henry VIII

Answer 5

Empson and Dudley were arrested in 1509, later being executed in 1510. This was due to them being scapegoated as the perpetrators of Henry VII’s unpopular financial policies.

Question 6

When was the Act of Supremacy passed? What did this confirm? - Henry VIII

Answer 6

The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, confirming Henry’s position as the supreme head of the Church.

Question 7

When was Thomas Cromwell appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals? What impacts did this have on Cromwell’s power? - Henry VIII

Answer 7

Cromwell was appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals in 1534, with this action making Cromwell second in rank to the King, meaning that he outranked Archbishops and Bishops and had considerable power over the Church.

Question 8

How did Henry alter the structure of the Church in terms of its dioceses? - Henry VIII

Answer 8

Henry created 6 new dioceses which would be overseen by a Bishop in an attempt to improve the administration and effectiveness of the Church as a whole.

Question 9

How did Henry maintain the structure and administration of the Church? - Henry VIII

Answer 9

Henry maintained that spiritual jurisdiction remained in the hands of bishops and archbishops, also maintained the important role that parish churches played in communities and daily life.

Question 10

When was the Valor Ecclesiasticus commissioned? What did this approve with regards to the monasteries? - Henry VIII

Answer 10

The Valor Ecclesiasticus was commissioned in 1535, approving a survey of the total wealth and material possessions of the Church.

Question 11

When was the First Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 11

The First Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries was passed in 1536, determining that all religious houses with an annual income of less than £200 should be dissolved. This was supposed to preserve the quality of larger houses as smaller monasteries had let standards drop.

Question 12

When was the Second Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 12

The Second Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries was passed in 1539, determining that all religious houses would be dissolved following the smaller ones being dissolved 3 years earlier.

Question 13

When were the First Set of Royal Injunctions issued? What did these determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 13

The First Set of Royal Injunctions were decreed in 1536, stating that the importance of pilgrimage would be abolished and that the number of holy days would be reduced.

Question 14

When were Henry’s second set of Royal Injunctions issued? What did these determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 14

The Second Set of Royal Injunctions were issued in 1538, decreeing that the English Bible would be placed in all parishes within 2 years, that relics would be removed from churches and that pilgrimages would be further discouraged.

Question 15

When was the ‘Great Bible’ issued? How can this be distinguished from the previous Bible? - Henry VIII

Answer 15

The Great Bible was issued in 1539, with a title page containing an image of Henry VIII offering the word of God to Cranmer and Cromwell. IT WAS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH.

Question 16

How were religious beliefs changed in the English Church from the Catholic Church which preceded it by Henry VIII? - Henry VIII

Answer 16

Protestant beliefs were introduced, such as justification by faith (that you could reach grace by faith alone rather than good works) and consubstantiation (the belief that bread and wine at mass represented Christ’s body and blood, rather than actually becoming it).

Question 17

When was the Act of 10 Articles passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 17

The Act of 10 Articles was passed in 1536, determining that only 3/7 sacraments were necessary for salvation. These were baptism, penance and Eucharist.

Question 18

When was the Bishops’ Book introduced? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 18

The Bishops’ Book was introduced in 1537, restoring the 4 sacraments omitted by the 10 Articles one year before BUT WITH LOWER SIGNIFICANCE. This therefore restored Catholic doctrine to some extent.

Question 19

When was the Act of 6 Articles introduced? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 19

The Act of 6 Articles was introduced in 1539, with this determining that Catholic doctrine would be reasserted. It also confirmed that denial of transubstantiation would be deemed heretical.

Question 20

When was the King’s Book introduced? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 20

The King’s Book was introduced in 1543, with this revising the Bishops’ Book and reasserting Catholic doctrine. It defended transubstantiation and the Act of 6 Articles.

Question 21

How much money did the sale of monastic land produce for the Crown? How many religious houses were dissolved? - Henry VIII

Answer 21

The sale of monastic land resulted in the crown receiving £1.3 million.
563 RELIGIOUS HOUSES DISSOLVED.

Question 22

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 22

The Act in Restraint of Appeals was passed in 1533, determining that the Pope would have no power to interfere in appeals over marital affairs in England, allowing Henry to sanction his own divorce.

Question 23

When was the First Act of Annates passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 23

The First Act of Annates was passed in 1532, banning the payment of annates to Rome and therefore mitigating Papal influence within England.

Question 24

When was the Supplication of the Ordinaries passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 24

The Supplication of the Ordinaries was passed in 1532, meaning that a review would be launched into existing church law and that any church law would not be used without Royal permission. Brought the church further under state control.

Question 25

By what factor did the export of cloth increase by during Henry VIII’s reign? Conversely, what general trend happened with wool exports? - Henry VIII

Answer 25

Exports of cloth doubled during Henry VIII’s reign, yet the market for raw wool significantly declined.

Question 26

What percentage of cloth exports were transported by English merchants? Why was this a problem? - Henry VIII

Answer 26

70% of cloth exports were transported by English merchants, with this meaning that some of the profits from English produce were ending up in foreign pockets.

Question 27

How many blast furnaces were there in England by the end of Henry VIII’s reign? What did they produce and where? - Henry VIII

Answer 27

There were 26 blast furnaces in England by 1547, with these producing iron ore in Sussex and Kent.

Question 28

When did Henry VIII launch the policy of ‘The Great Debasement’? What were the results of this? - Henry VIII

Answer 28

Henry introduced ‘The Great Debasement’ in 1544, causing a short-term economic boom, yet later damaging living standards as it led to inflation across the country.

Question 29

By what factor did food prices increase during the reign of Henry VIII? What can this be attributed to? - Henry VIII

Answer 29

Food prices doubled during the reign of Henry VIII, with this potentially due to an increase in the population and poor harvests damaging the yield and quality of crop.

Question 30

What percentage of Coventry were assessed to have no personal wealth by Wolsey’s subsidy assessment? - Henry VIII

Answer 30

Wolsey’s subsidy assessment determined that over 50% of the population of Coventry had no personal wealth.

Question 31

How many people migrated to London each year, increasing the urban population from rural areas? - Henry VIII

Answer 31

5000 people migrated to London every year due to the decline of rural labour.

Question 32

When did Henry VIII legislate against enclosure? What problems were there with this legislation? - Henry VIII

Answer 32

Henry VIII passed legislation against enclosure in 1515, with this being very muddled and failing to understand the full extent of the problem. He then passed more in 1534 to try and reduce the problem.

Question 33

When did Wolsey launch an enclosure commission to assess the scale of enclosure? How many prosecutions did Wolsey launch? - Henry VIII

Answer 33

Wolsey launched a commission to assess enclosure in 1516, launching 264 prosecutions as a result of this.

Question 34

What percentage of England’s exports were cloth during the reign of Henry VIII? - Henry VIII

Answer 34

During Henry VIII’s reign, 80% of all exports were cloth, meaning that the English economy was incredibly reliant on this source of revenue.

Question 35

What percentage of the population were subsistence farmers in Henry VIII’s reign? - Henry VIII

Answer 35

90% of the population during Henry VIII’s reign were subsistence farmers.

Question 36

Following the 1533 Break with Rome, how did Henry try to forge a Protestant foreign alliance? - Henry VIII

Answer 36

Henry sought to forge an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden, a group of German princes who favoured Martin Luther’s Protestant principles.

Question 37

When did Henry marry Anne of Cleves? Why did he choose to do this? - Henry VIII

Answer 37

Henry married Anne of Cleves in 1539, doing so in order to reduced his perceived isolation from other foreign powers. This therefore acted as an insurance policy to create foreign alliances.

Question 38

When was the Earl of Kildare dismissed from governing Ireland? What was the response of the Irish nobility to this event? - Henry VIII

Answer 38

The Earl of Kildare was dismissed from his governance of Ireland in 1534, resulting in Kildare’s son leading a major rebellion which took effort and expense to suppress.

Question 39

When did Henry attempt to invade Scotland for the first time in the 1540s? What battle was Henry successful in during this invasion? - Henry VIII

Answer 39

Henry attempted to invade Scotland in 1542. Henry was victorious at Solway Moss.

Question 40

How were Scotland weakened during the 1542 invasion by Henry? How did Henry fail to capitalise upon this? - Henry VIII

Answer 40

Henry’s assaults led to the death of James V, leaving the one week old Mary QoS as his heir. However, Henry failed to capitalise as he turned his military attentions to France, only pressuring Scotland diplomatically after this.

Question 41

When was the Treaty of Greenwich signed? What did this agree? What was its outcome? - Henry VIII

Answer 41

The Treaty of Greenwich was signed in 1543, which betrothed Edward to Mary QoS. However, the Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the treaty and hence it was never approved.

Question 42

When did Henry begin to invade France in the 1540s? What area of France did this attack concentrate on? - Henry VIII

Answer 42

Henry began invading France in 1544, concentrating on the area around Calais and besieging Montreuil unsuccessfully, as well as capturing Boulogne.

Question 43

In what year did French troops strengthen Scotland and the Battle of Ancrum Moor take place? What was the outcome of this battle? - Henry VIII

Answer 43

French support for Scotland and the Battle of Ancrum Moor took place in 1545, with Henry’s forces actually losing the Battle.

Question 44

When did Henry’s 1540s war with France come to a conclusion? What reason was there for this? - Henry VIII

Answer 44

Henry’s war with France concluded in 1546, with both sides having insufficient funds to continue the conflict, a sign of Henry’s wasteful attitude to crown finances.

Question 45

When was the First Act of Succession Passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 45

The First Act of Succession was passed in 1534, determining that Elizabeth would be Henry’s successor and that Mary would be illegitimate.

Question 46

When was the Third Act of Succession passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 46

The Third Act of Succession was passed in 1543, determining Henry’s succession being from Edward to Mary to Elizabeth.

Question 47

When was the ‘Act Resuming Certain Liberties to the Crown’ passed? What impacts did this have? - Henry VIII

Answer 47

The ‘Act Resuming Certain Liberties to the Crown’ was passed in 1536, applying the King’s writ in Palatinates (DUR,LAN,CHE) and giving the King power to appoint JPs. Created a unitary legal state through the abolition of semi-autonomous regions.

Question 48

When was the Law in Wales Act Passed? What implications did this have? - Henry VIII

Answer 48

The Law in Wales Act was passed in 1536, unifying the legal systems of England and Wales, giving Henry the power to appoint Welsh JPs etc.

Question 49

Who did Cromwell have appointed as President of the Welsh Council? How many Welsh did he hang in 6 years? - Henry VIII

Answer 49

Cromwell appointed the Bishop of Coventry as President of the Welsh Council in 1534, with him hanging 5000 Welsh in 6 years.

Question 50

When was the Council of the North’s power increased? What were these powers? - Henry VIII

Answer 50

The Council of the North’s powers were increased in 1537, giving it supreme authority over areas North of the River Trent. Issued Royal proclamations.

Question 51

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the governance of the South West? - Henry VIII

Answer 51

Cromwell established the Council of the West to oversee the governance of the area given its lack of major landowners for magnate control after the death of the Marquess of Exeter.

Question 52

How can Cromwell be said to have reformed the governance of Ireland? - Henry VIII

Answer 52

Sir Thomas Cusack introduced a constitutional method declaring Henry as King of Ireland and allowing native and Anglo-Irish to live together. Created the surrender and Regrant policy, whereby the Irish Lords would have their property seized, have to pay tax, perform military service, and submit to Henry to regain land.

Question 53

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of Ireland? - Henry VIII

Answer 53

Cromwell initially adopted very conservative policies and relied on traditional solutions to Irish problems (initially the Earl of Kildare). Cromwell oversaw a rebellion in 1535 and Lord Grey oversaw a ruined administration. The Cusack initiative was also later abandoned.

Question 54

When Cromwell streamlined the Council, what number did he reduce it from/to? What were the impacts of this change? - Henry VIII

Answer 54

Cromwell streamlined the Council from 70 to 20 members, creating specific departments to deal with aspects of government. Meant Cromwell could coordinate ministers rather than dominate as an individual as Wolsey did.

Question 55

What was the income from Crown estates prior to the dissolution of the monasteries? What was it after the dissolution? - Henry VIII

Answer 55

Crown estates brought in £150,000 of revenue before the dissolution, with £300,000 after.
DOUBLED THEIR INCOME.

Question 56

When did Henry charge the whole clergy with praemunire? How did this impact the Church? - Henry VIII

Answer 56

Henry charged the English clergy with Praemunire in December 1530, accusing them of placing a power above that of the Crown.

Question 57

When were the Clergy pardoned of praemunire? What were the terms of this agreement? - Henry VIII

Answer 57

The clergy were pardoned of praemunire in February 1531. This pardon only came in return for a fine of £120,000.

Question 58

When was Cromwell executed? Why? - Henry VIII

Answer 58

Cromwell was executed in 1540, partly due to his failure to secure a successful marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves. Cromwell was overthrown by a conservative revival following this failure and executed for treason.

Question 59

What led to the downfall of the conservative faction in Henry VIII’s conciliar government? - Henry VIII

Answer 59

The Duke of Norfolk, the head of the conservatives, was the uncle of Catherine Howard. Once her adultery became apparent, she was executed and the conservatives fell out of favour.

Question 60

How was Henry’s dry stamp utilised by the reformist faction? - Henry VIII

Answer 60

Henry’s dry stamp was used to alter Henry’s will in order to strengthen the power and remit of the Regency Council which would govern on behalf of Edward following Henry’s death.

Question 61

When was the Treaty of Etaples renegotiated under Henry VIII? Why was this not as significant as originally thought? - Henry VIII

Answer 61

Henry negotiated the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples in 1510, yet this was under pressure from his conciliar government to secure peace with France. Henry, however, thought along different lines.

Question 62

When was the Holy League created? What purpose did this have and which countries were involved? - Henry VIII

Answer 62

The Holy League was created in 1510, creating an alliance between England, Rome, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and Venice in an alliance against the French.

Question 63

When did Henry VIII HIMSELF lead an individual assault on France? What were the results of this? - Henry VIII

Answer 63

Henry launched a personal attack on France in 1513, leading to the Battle of Spurs, whereby he seized the towns of Therouanne and Tournai.

Question 64

When was the Battle of Flodden? What were the results of this? - Henry VIII

Answer 64

The Battle of Flodden was in 1513, with Henry’s forces leading to the death of James IV and the ascension of James V (an infant).

Question 65

When was Henry VIII used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand in France? What were the results of this? - Henry VIII

Answer 65

Henry was used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand in 1512. Henry was manipulated into this and it resulted in no gains of territory or influence over the French.

Question 66

What damage was done by Henry VIII’s conflicts in France in 1512/13 in terms of relations with France? - Henry VIII

Answer 66

The pension negotiated by the Treaty of Etaples in 1510 was lost and Tournai was eventually sold back to France for less than England had to pay for its repairs after the battle in 1513.

Question 67

When was the Anglo-French Alliance agreed? What were the terms of this treaty? - Henry VIII

Answer 67

The Anglo-French Alliance was agreed in 1514, agreeing for Henry’s sister, Mary, to marry the French King, Louis XII, as well as for the continuation of the French Pension to England which was lost after 1513.

Question 68

When did Louis XII die? What subsequent marriage hampered Henry VIII’s foreign policy? - Henry VIII

Answer 68

Louis XII died on 1st January 1515, with Mary immediately marrying the Duke of Suffolk, meaning she could no longer be exploited by Henry for diplomatic purposes.

Question 69

What treaty was agreed between Charles V and Francis I immediately after Charles’ ascension? WHEN? - Henry VIII

Answer 69

The Treaty of Cambrai was agreed in 1516 by Francis I and Charles V, creating a peace agreement between the 2 countries and isolating England.

Question 70

How and when did Wolsey succeed in ending England’s isolation following the Treaty of Cambrai through diplomacy? Which countries? - Henry VIII

Answer 70

Wolsey secured the Treaty of London in 1518 between England, Spain, France, the HRE, the papacy and other smaller states. Essentially a non-aggression pact.

Question 71

When and what was the Field of the Cloth of Gold? How significant was this? - Henry VIII

Answer 71

The Field of the Cloth of Gold was a diplomatic event with extravagant hospitality in June 1520.
Temporarily significant but was completely irrelevant following conflict with France in 1522/23. Mainly to force Habsburgs into alliance with England.

Question 72

When was the Treaty of Bruges negotiated? What reasons did England have for supporting the Habsburgs instead of France? - Henry VIII

Answer 72

The Treaty of Bruges was negotiated in 1521.
Meant that Henry could improve relations with the Pope, potentially expand English territory around France, secured a marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter, Mary, and Charles V.

Question 73

When did English armies attack France following the Treaty of Bruges? What were the results of these attacks (militarily and financially)? - Henry VIII

Answer 73

English armies launched assaults on France in 1522 and 1523, resulting in few major gains at major financial cost.

Question 74

When was the Sack of Rome? What impacts were there of this for Henry VIII? - Henry VIII

Answer 74

The Sack of Rome took place in 1527, with Charles V’s assault leading to the Pope becoming the prisoner of Charles (an enemy of Henry).

Question 75

When was the Treaty of Amiens signed? What did this secure and why was it agreed? - Henry VIII

Answer 75

The Treaty of Amiens was signed in 1527, agreeing an alliance between France and England against the Habsburgs. Mostly agreed solely because of the weak position of both states.

Question 76

What economic action did Wolsey take against the Habsburgs and when? What impacts did this have? - Henry VIII

Answer 76

In 1527, Wolsey imposed a trading embargo on Burgundian trade, leading to Charles V retaliating and creating widespread unemployment and social problems in England.

Question 77

What was agreed by the 1529 Peace of Cambrai? - Henry VIII

Answer 77

The 1529 Peace of Cambrai agreed that France would relinquish any ambitions in Italy, securing Charles V’s dominance over the Pope.

Question 78

How much did Henry VIII’s 2 wars with France under Wolsey cost? - Henry VIII

Answer 78

Henry’s 2 wars with France under Wolsey cost £1.3 million.

Question 79

When was the Battle of Pavia? - Henry VIII

Answer 79

The Battle of Pavia took place in 1525.

Question 80

How many Parliaments were called whilst Wolsey was Lord Chancellor? - Henry VIII

Answer 80

Only one Parliament was called between 1514 and 1529.

Question 81

What response did Wolsey have to take in response to the success of the Court of Star Chamber? - Henry VIII

Answer 81

In overseeing private justice, the Court of Star Chamber was so popular that Wolsey had to set up overflow courts to accommodate its excessive usage.

Question 82

When did Wolsey levy the Amicable Grant? Why was this controversial? - Henry VIII

Answer 82

Wolsey levied the Amicable Grant in 1525, with this proving controversial due to being a tax not approved by Parliament in order to raise money for war. This later led to a resistance.

Question 83

When did Wolsey pass the Eltham Ordinances? Why was this done? (2) - Henry VIII

Answer 83

Wolsey passed the Eltham Ordinances in 1526 in order to reform the finances of the Privy Council. He reduced the number of courtiers at court, yet in doing so removed any political opponents he had to establish control over one area he had previously had little.

Question 84

What issues were there with Henry VIII’s Biblical argument for annulment? (2) - Henry VIII

Answer 84

Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, therefore nullifying the argument made by Henry. Furthermore, it was believed that this line meant only not to marry your brother’s wife whilst he is alive.

Question 85

When did the Pope send an envoy to hear an official church case for the annulment of Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine? What was the outcome of this hearing? - Henry VIII

Answer 85

The Pope sent an envoy, Cardinal Campeggio, to London in June 1529, to initiate an official hearing. This meeting was adjourned in July 1529, with no divorce granted.

Question 86

What action did Henry take against Wolsey after the failure to secure him a divorce? - Henry VIII

Answer 86

Henry charged Wolsey with praemunire in 1529 for allegedly placing the church above the crown. Wolsey died before his trial.

Question 87

How many more peers were there at the end of Henry VIII’s reign compared to the start? How many more Dukes were there? - Henry VIII

Answer 87

England had only 9 more peers in 1547 compared to in 1509. Henry appointed 2 more Dukes (Norfolk and Suffolk) to go with Buckingham, with these people expected to serve as soldiers and courtiers.

Question 88

What happened to the number of gentry in England during the reign of Henry VIII? Why? - Henry VIII

Answer 88

During Henry’s reign, the number of gentry increased to 5000 families. This was partly due to the excessive sale of crown land at reduced prices to raise revenues.

Question 89

When did the Amicable Grant rebellion occur? Where was this most popular? - Henry VIII

Answer 89

The Amicable Grant rebellion occurred in 1525, with this being most popular in North Essex and South Suffolk.

Question 90

How many taxation rebels did the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk face? - Henry VIII

Answer 90

Norfolk and Suffolk faced around 4000 tax rebels

Question 91

When did the Pilgrimage of Grace last from-until? In what locations was this rebellion concentrated? - Henry VIII

Answer 91

The Pilgrimage of Grace lasted from October 1536 - January 1537. This rebellion mainly existed around Lincolnshire, Cumberland and South/East Yorkshire.

Question 92

How was the Lincolnshire portion of the 1536/7 rising dismantled? - Henry VIII

Answer 92

The Lincolnshire section of the 1536/7 rising was dismantled by using the forces of the Duke of Suffolk to undermine and mitigate the threat posed by these rebels.

Question 93

How can it be said that Pilgrimage of Grace remained unsuppressed? When? What were the consequences? - Henry VIII

Answer 93

In February 1537, rebellion was renewed in Cumberland and the East Riding of Yorkshire, with Henry sending the Duke of Norfolk to suppress the rebellion. 74 rebels were executed after the declaration of martial law.

Question 94

How many members of the gentry were leaders in the Lincolnshire Rising? - Henry VIII

Answer 94

The Lincolnshire Rising saw the involvement of 18 members of the gentry.

Question 95

How many people were involved in the attack on York as part of the Pilgrimage of Grace? - Henry VIII

Answer 95

10,000 rebels attacked the city of York in 1536.

Question 96

What were the demands of the Pontefract Articles? - Henry VIII

Answer 96

The Pontefract Articles saw demands for Princess Mary to be restored to the succession, for returns to a limited papal supremacy, to return Parliament to York and to produce a list of Protestant heretics.

Question 97

On what date did Henry issue a royal proclamation to pardon the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace? What followed this? - Henry VIII

Answer 97

Henry issued a proclamation pardoning the rebels on the 3rd December 1536, although after Robert Aske had accepted this, a new rebellion occurred in 1537, with Henry abandoning this agreement and launching his forces at these rebels.

Question 98

When was the Battle of Ancrum Moor? What was the outcome of this? - Henry VIII

Answer 98

The Battle of Ancrum Moor took place in 1545, with Scotland triumphing over England and causing a halt to the policy of English harrying of northern areas.

Question 99

What was the policy of the Rough Wooing? When did it take place from-until? - Henry VIII

Answer 99

The policy of the Rough Wooing took place from 1542-1551, encapsulating the end of Henry’s reign and all of Somerset’s reign. It was a policy of heavy attacks on Scottish Land.

Question 100

When was Anne Askew burned? Why? What does this indicate? - Henry VIII

Answer 100

Askew was burned at the stake in 1546, having denied the existence of transubstantiation. This indicates that by the conclusion of Henry’s reign, doctrine and practice had largely reverted to Catholicism.

Question 101

When was Henry VIII excommunicated by the Pope? What does this indicate about church structure? - Henry VIII

Answer 101

Henry VIII was excommunicated by the Pope in 1538, with this suggesting that the Church had become more Protestant in structure.

Question 102

When was John Lambert burnt at the stake? Why was this and what does this suggest? - Henry VIII

Answer 102

John Lambert was burnt at the stake in 1538 for denying transubstantiation, considered a heretical point of view. This suggests that Henry’s attitudes towards practice and doctrine had returned to being more based on Catholicism than Protestantism.

Question 103

When was Henry VIII’s Treason Act passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 103

Henry VIII’s Treason Act was passed in 1543, with this making it treasonable to refuse to take an oath AGAINST the Pope, as well as treason to attempt to deny Henry his position as Supreme Head of the Church.

Question 104

When was the Act for Advancement of True Religion passed? What did this determine? - Henry VIII

Answer 104

The Act for Advancement of True Religion was passed in 1543, making it so that only upper-class males could read the Bible in public due to the detrimental impacts on public order of religious reforms.

Question 105

How many times more cases were heard in Star Chamber under Henry VIII than under Henry VII? - Henry VIII

Answer 105

Henry VIII’s Star Chamber heard 10 times the number of cases as Henry VII’s.