1. Henry VII Flashcards

1
Q

On what date was the Battle of Bosworth? - Henry VII

A

22nd August 1485

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2
Q

When did Henry date his reign from in his first Parliament? Why did he do this? - Henry VII

A

Henry dated his reign from the 21ST AUGUST 1485, one day before Bosworth to effectively brand anyone who opposed him as a traitor.

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3
Q

How many knighthoods did Henry award after Bosworth? What other titles did he distribute? - Henry VII

A

Henry awarded 11 knighthoods, giving other titles to notable supporters (made William Stanley Lord Chamberlain, made his uncle Jasper Tudor Duke of Bedford).

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4
Q

How did Henry reward his supporters in terms of Government? - Henry VII

A

Henry made Sir William Stanley his Lord Chamberlain, effectively the head of his household government. Sir Reginald Bray made Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster.

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5
Q

On what date was Henry’s coronation? On what date was Henry’s first Parliament? - Henry VII

A

Henry’s coronation was held on the 30th October 1485. Henry’s first Parliament was held on the 7th November 1485.

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6
Q

What was the significance of Henry having his first parliament after his coronation? - Henry VII

A

Having his first parliament after the coronation was significant as only the King could call parliament, demonstrating how he was the monarch based on hereditary right and not due to parliamentary approval.

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7
Q

When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York? Why was it important this was after his coronation as King? - Henry VII

A

Henry married Elizabeth in January 1486.
By waiting until after his coronation to marry her, he ensured that any claim to the throne was made through him, and not dismissed as due to him being married to the daughter of Edward IV.

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8
Q

When did the Lovell rebellion take place? Who assisted him? Where was this rebellion? - Henry VII

A

The Lovell Rebellion, led by Viscount Lovell, occurred in Easter 1486, in the traditional Yorkist heartland of the North Riding of Yorkshire. Assisted by Humphrey Stafford.

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9
Q

Why did the Lovell rebellion fail? How were the perpetrators dealt with? - Henry VII

A

The Lovell rebellion lacked any sort of foreign support and, crucially, drew little support from traditional Yorkist heartlands (NRoY/Midlands).
Henry failed to capture Lovell at the time, so he lived, but Humphrey Stafford was executed, perhaps setting an example for other rebellions.

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10
Q

When did the Lambert Simnel conspiracy occur? Who did he draw patronage from and in what form? Who was his key Yorkist supporter? - Henry VII

A

The Lambert Simnel conspiracy happened in 1487.
He drew patronage from Margaret of Burgundy, the sister of Richard III. She supplied a force of mercenaries to help their cause.
Simnel was also aided by John de la Pole, a Yorkist claimant who was Richard III’s heir.

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11
Q

When was the Battle of Stoke field? - Henry VII

A

The Battle of Stoke field took place on the 16th June 1487.

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12
Q

What happened to Simnel and Earl of Lincoln (JDLP) after the Battle? - Henry VII

A

Simnel was at first imprisoned, but Henry later showed mercy, employing him in the kitchens of the royal household.
Earl of Lincoln was killed in battle, crucially removing a major threat to Henry

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13
Q

Who did Warbeck use as his accomplice in Henry’s government? What impact did this have? How did Henry deal with this? - Henry VII

A

Warbeck had recruited Sir William Stanley, Henry’s Lord Chamberlain, to aid his cause as an imposter. This caused Henry to become reclusive, paranoid and untrusting of close allies. He later executed Stanley.

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14
Q

How did Henry deal with the threat of Edmund and Richard de la Pole? - Henry VII

A

Edmund spent time with Yorkist sympathiser and Henry’s rival, Margaret of Burgundy, who provided sanctuary. However, the Treaty of Westminster (1506) saw that he was overturned to Henry and he was imprisoned in the tower.
Richard remained exiled in France, and was killed in 1525 fighting for French forces.

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15
Q

When were Perkin Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick executed? Why? - Henry VII

A

Warbeck and Warwick were both executed in 1499, having been accused of plotting together against the King.

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16
Q

How many parish churches were there in England during Henry VII’s reign? - Henry VII

A

England had over 8000 Parish Churches during Henry VII’s reign.

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17
Q

Henry VII appointed all bishops. How many of Henry’s bishops were trained in law compared to theological studies? Why was this? - Henry VII

A

Henry appointed 15 law graduates as bishops compared to 8 theologians. Legal training prepared bishops for administration, which was essential if they were to be elevated to political roles.

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18
Q

What sites constituted pilgrimage during Henry VII’s reign? What evidence is there of a potential decline in pilgrimage? - Henry VII

A

Holy sites such as the tomb of Thomas Becket or a site supposedly visited by the Virgin Mary (Walsingham in Norfolk) were seen as pilgrimages.
The tomb of Thomas Becket had witnessed a slight decline in popularity and there was a rise in opposition to pilgrimage.

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19
Q

What percentage of adult males were monks by 1500? How many religious communities existed in England? - Henry VII

A

By 1500, an estimated 1% of adult males were monks. 900 religious communities existed in England in 1500.

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20
Q

What were Lollard beliefs? What was the status of Lollardy during the reign of Henry VII? - Henry VII

A

They wanted a stronger understanding of the Bible and its translation into English, as well as that they promoted scepticism of transubstantiation. Considered a heretical belief, Lollardy had fallen from its widespread following and had declined into small geographical enclaves of support.

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21
Q

How many new grammar schools were founded between 1460 and 1509? - Henry VII

A

Between 1460 and 1509, 53 NEW GRAMMAR SCHOOLS were founded.

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22
Q

What are religious orders? What examples are there of these in Henry VII’s reign? - Henry VII

A

Religious orders are groups with diverging religious beliefs/practices from other groups. At the time, the larges groups were Benedictines (named after St Benedict), Cistercians and Carthusians.

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23
Q

How was Margaret Beaufort a significant figure religiously and educationally? - Henry VII

A

Margaret Beaufort, the mother of Henry VII, displayed her piety by donating sums of money to the foundation of colleges at Cambridge University (Christ’s College/St John’s College).

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24
Q

How many people made up the ‘nobility’? Why was this group important? What examples are there of Henry trusting this group? - Henry VII

A

The nobility was made up of only around 50-60 people. Henry relied on this group to maintain control in regional (rural) areas. Henry trusted Lord Daubney and the Earl of Oxford.

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25
Q

How did Henry aim to maintain control over bastard feudalism through legislation? When? - Henry VII

A

Henry passed acts of Parliament in 1487 and 1504 that legislated against retaining without licence granted by the monarch.

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26
Q

Whom was punished heavily by Henry’s legislation against retaining? What was their punishment? - Henry VII

A

Henry’s legislation against retaining was significant in its punishing of Lord Bergavenny. He was fined £100,000 for illegal retaining.

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27
Q

How did Henry aim to maintain control over bastard feudalism through oaths? Why was this only partially successful? - Henry VII

A

Henry made all peers and MPs swear an oath against illegal retaining in 1486, although this was often ignored as it didn’t set parameters for what constituted being illegal.

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28
Q

When did the Yorkshire Rebellion occur? What caused the rebellion? - Henry VII

A

The Yorkshire Rebellion occurred in 1489, prompted by a demand from Henry through parliament for increased taxation in order to finance the protection of Brittany from France.

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29
Q

Describe the events of the Yorkshire Rebellion - Henry VII

A

After having been asked by his tenants to negotiate an exemption from the tax, the Earl of Northumberland failed to do so. He was murdered by his tenants as a consequence, yet this may have been fuelled by his choice to support Henry. The rebels were eventually defeated by Earl of Surrey at York, with Surrey later given magnate control of the North.

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30
Q

When did the Cornish Rebellion occur? What caused the rebellion? - Henry VII

A

The Yorkshire Rebellion occurred in 1497, caused by Henry VII’s demands for additional taxation in order to finance an invasion of Scotland.

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31
Q

Describe the events of the Cornish Rebellion - Henry VII

A

Feeling as though they shouldn’t be taxed for such a distant conflict, the rebels marched all the way to Blackheath outside of London unopposed. 15,000 rebels engaged in the Battle of Blackheath, although Henry diverted troops away from Scotland, led by Lord Daubney, to prevent a widespread revolt. Executed the leaders of the rebellion.

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32
Q

When was the Battle of Blackheath? Henry VII

A

The Battle of Blackheath happened on the 17th June 1497.

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33
Q

What percentage of England’s population lived in a) urban and b) rural areas in Henry VII’s reign? - Henry VII

A

A) 10% of the population lived in urban areas.

B) 90% of the population lived in rural areas.

34
Q

When did sheep farming begin to replace England’s agrarian economy? Why? - Henry VII

A

In the 1480s and 90s, sheep farming began to replace the agrarian economy in response to reduced profitability of arable farming. Sheep farming was way more profitable as wool was in demand for a booming cloth trade.

35
Q

What issues were there with enclosure? - Henry VII

A

Enclosure often meant that peasants (tenants) who farmed strips of land had their livelihoods removed from them by the landowner, leaving them impoverished as their common rights were extinguished.

36
Q

How much of England’s foreign trade was cloth responsible for? - Henry VII

A

The cloth trade was responsible for 90% of England’s foreign exports.

37
Q

By how much did the volume of cloth exports increase during Henry VII’s reign? - Henry VII

A

The volume of cloth exports is estimated to have increased by 60% during Henry’s reign.

38
Q

What areas dominated the cloth industry? Give examples - Henry VII

A

Rural areas dominated the cloth industry, with smaller towns being extremely prosperous. East Anglia, West Riding of Yorkshire, LEWES IN SUSSEX very successful.

39
Q

Who were the Merchant Adventurers? How did they use their status to their advantage? (2) - Henry VII

A

The Merchant Adventurers were England’s most influential trading company, dominating the cloth trade with Antwerp. They used their relationship with the crown to represent the industry’s commercial needs and negotiate international treaties using their expertise.

40
Q

When did Henry grant the Hanseatic League trading rights by treaty? Why? - Henry VII

A

Henry granted the League trading rights by treaty in 1504. The Hanseatic League were granted special rights by treaty as Henry was fearful that the League would offer protection to the Yorkist claimant, Edmund de la Pole.

41
Q

When did Henry impose a trading embargo on Burgundy? What impact did this have on the cloth trade? - Henry VII

A

Henry imposed a trading embargo on Burgundy in 1493, which forced him to redirect the English cloth trade through the less prosperous port of Calais from Antwerp.

42
Q

What were the impacts of the Treaty of Etaples in terms of the economy and trade? When was it agreed? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Etaples was agreed in 1492, agreeing a £5,000/year pension for Henry. ANGLO-FRENCH TRADE ALSO ENCOURAGED.

43
Q

What were the Navigation Acts? When were they passed? - Henry VII

A

The Navigation Acts, passed in 1489 and 1485, were acts which dictated that certain foreign goods should only be imported by English ships with English crews. GASCONY WINE.

44
Q

When did John Cabot first sail on an exploration mission? What did he discover? - Henry VII

A

John Cabot sailed from England in 1497, where he discovered Newfoundland, off the coast of Canada. He remarked that there was extensive fishing grounds.

45
Q

When did the French invasion of Brittany begin? Why did Henry feel he needed to be involved in this? - Henry VII

A

The French invasion of Brittany began in 1487, with Henry involving England as he felt an obligation to the Bretons after he spent time at their court and that any invasion of Brittany may have presented a direct threat of invasion of England by France.

46
Q

When was the Treaty of Redon agreed? Who between? What did this agree? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Redon was agreed in 1489 between England and Brittany to agree for a small English militia to defend Brittany from total French invasion.

47
Q

How did Henry manipulate the French, leading to financial gain? When? - Henry VII

A

Henry launched an invasion of France in 1492 when France was gearing up for an invasion of Italy. Rightly assuming that France would seek a peaceful solution to allow this, France negotiated a £5,000/year pension for Henry to compensate him for military costs.

48
Q

What Treaty resolved the English Invasion of France? When was this signed? What 2 things did this negotiate for Henry’s benefit? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Etaples resolved the English invasion of France. Signed in 1492, this negotiated a £5000/year pension for Henry to compensate military costs. Also forced Charles VIII to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck.

49
Q

What complicated relations between England and Burgundy? - Henry VII

A

The fact that Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Richard III, was a hugely powerful figure in Burgundy complicated relations. Margaret offered hospitality and patronage to Warbeck and Simnel to try to damage Henry’s authority.

50
Q

When was the Intercursus Magnus agreed? Who between? What did this agree? - Henry VII

A

The Intercursus Magnus was agreed in 1496 by England and Burgundy following Warbeck leaving Burgundy. This normalised trading relations between the two.

51
Q

What treaty agreed the Intercursus Malus? WHEN? What did this aim to do? Why was this not successful? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Windsor agreed that English merchants in the Netherlands would have advantageous trading positions over Burgundian merchants. Agreed in 1506. However, never came into practice and trade continued on basis of Intercursus Magnus.

52
Q

Which Yorkist claimant was handed over to Henry as a result of the Treaty of Windsor? How did this benefit Henry? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Windsor (1506) agreed that the Earl of Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, would be handed over to Henry. This consolidated Henry’s position as King of England as it reduced external threat to his throne.

53
Q

When was the Treaty of Medina del Campo signed? What did it agree? Which Spanish Monarchs agreed it? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Medina de Campo was signed in 1489 by Ferdinand and Isabella. Agreed mutual protection between ENG and SPA, agreed neither nation would harbour rebels or pretenders and also for a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. Also agreed low customs duties on trade between the two.

54
Q

What issues were there with the details of the Treaty of Medina del Campo and its implementation? - Henry VII

A

Arrangements in terms of the royal marriage were difficult to ratify, with Ferdinand reluctant to allow Catherine to marry Arthur whilst Warbeck was a threat to the throne. Additionally, the size of the dowry was disputed.

55
Q

What Spanish political event completely changed Henry’s foreign policy in 1504? - Henry VII

A

Isabella, wife of Ferdinand died, and the throne was seized by Ferdinand’s daughter, Juana, and her husband, Philip of Burgundy. Henry decided to support JUANA AND PHILIP, angering Ferdinand.

56
Q

What was agreed by the Treaty of Windsor in terms of Burgundy and Spain? - Henry VII

A

B - Agreed the Intercursus Malus. Overturned the Earl of Suffolk to Henry’s control. Agreed a marriage between Henry and Philip’s sister which never materialised.
S - Henry agreed to formally recognise Juana and Philip as the rulers of Spain, strengthening their claim to the Spanish throne.

57
Q

Why was Henry’s decision to support Philip and Juana not overly successful? When did this error come to light? - Henry VII

A

Philip died later in 1506, with Ferdinand again seizing the throne and angry about Henry supporting Juana and Philip 2 years previously in their bid to originally seize the throne from him. Left England DIPLOMATICALLY ISOLATED.

58
Q

When was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace signed? - Henry VII

A

The Treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed in 1502.

59
Q

How did the actions of James IV anger Henry VII in 1495? What did James later encourage of Warbeck? - Henry VII

A

James IV offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck at his court in 1495, as well as a marriage to James’ cousin. Later, in 1496, James encouraged Warbeck to lead an (unsuccessful) invasion of England.

60
Q

Who was Prince Henry’s deputy in Ireland? What is his most notable legal achievement to consolidate English rule in Ireland? When was this achieved? - Henry VII

A

Prince Henry’s deputy in Ireland was Sir Edward Poynings. Ponyings forced the Irish Parliament to pass “Poynings’ Law” in 1495, which stated that the Irish Parliament could pass no law without English approval.

61
Q

How was the Earl of Kildare’s Yorkist sympathies made the most obvious? When? - Henry VII

A

The Earl of Kildare was very blatant with his Yorkist sympathies by crowning Lambert Simnel, then pretending to be the Earl of Warwick (a Yorkist claimant) as King of Ireland.
CROWNED IN 1487.

62
Q

Following the abandonment of ‘Rule of the Pale,’ what policy did Henry use to govern Ireland? Why was this successful? - Henry VII

A

After ‘Rule of the Pale’ was abandoned in 1496 (and Poynings was recalled), Henry reverted to using the Earl of Kildare to rule Ireland. This was more successful now as Kildare had no benefit of supporting Yorkists, so loyally served Henry.

63
Q

How many times did the Great Council meet during Henry’s reign? What was Henry’s intended purpose for the great council in terms of the nobility? - Henry VII

A

The Great Council met only 5 times during Henry’s reign.

The Great Council was intended to bind the nobility to key decisions on the issue of national security.

64
Q

Following the Perkin Warbeck imposture, what alteration did Henry make to his chamber? - Henry VII

A

Henry created a new, privy chamber, where the King could retreat to be surrounded by his closest servants. Made it more difficult for out of favour courtiers to regain the King’s trust.

65
Q

How many Parliaments did Henry call throughout his reign? How were they spaced in his reign? - Henry VII

A

Henry called 7 parliaments during his reign, with 5 in the first 10 years and 2 in the last 14.

66
Q

What examples of Parliament’s financial interventions are there? - Henry VII

A

First parliament granted tonnage and poundage for life, other parliaments granted extraordinary revenue to deal with conflict eg. The Scottish Rebellion.

67
Q

Given there was no magnate control in the North, who did Henry place there? Why was this risky? - Henry VII

A

Henry placed the Earl of Surrey in the North after the murder of the Earl of Northumberland. Surrey had been imprisoned as a supporter of Richard III, and was in an area of Yorkist support. However, he was loyal to Henry, providing 10 years of service in the North.

68
Q

How did Henry use administrative changes to improve royal finances in relation to crown lands? - Henry VII

A

Henry altered the system of collection of rents from crown lands to be done through the Chamber rather than the relatively inefficient collection methods of the Court of the Exchequer.

69
Q

How did Henry use customs revenue to increase crown income? (SPECIFIC EXAMPLE) - Henry VII

A

Henry’s first Parliament in 1485 granted tonnage and poundage for life, meaning that certain goods were additionally taxed.

70
Q

How did Henry use his justice system to improve Crown finances? Give example - Henry VII

A

Notably, fines as a result of bonds and recognisances, and also for fines imposed upon the breaking of laws. Between 1504 and 1507, £200,000 promised to Henry as a result of these breaches.

71
Q

How much money did Henry VII receive in extraordinary revenue during his reign? What was the issue with this? - Henry VII

A

Henry received over £400,000 in extraordinary revenue, granted by Parliament in the form of additional taxes, during times of emergency such as wars or rebellions. This method, however, did result in rebellions due to its unpopularity.

72
Q

How much money did Henry receive through extraordinary revenue throughout his reign? - Henry VII

A

Henry received £400,000 from extraordinary revenue grants throughout his reign.

73
Q

How many times larger was the size of crown lands at the end of Henry’s reign than in the 1450s? - Henry VII

A

Crown lands were roughly 5 times larger in 1509 than in 1450.

74
Q

What was the annual income from crown lands during Henry VII’s reign? - Henry VII

A

The annual income from crown lands during Henry VII’s reign was £40,000.

75
Q

How many Acts of Attainder did Henry pass during his reign? How many were reversed? - Henry VII

A

Henry passed 138 Acts of Attainder during his reign, reversing 46.

76
Q

How much money did Henry VII leave for Henry VIII? - Henry VII

A

Henry VII left Henry VIII £300,000

77
Q

How many of England’s 62 noble families paid money in bonds and recognisances to Henry VII? - Henry VII

A

36/62 noble families paid money in the form of bonds and recognisances.

78
Q

When was the Act of Resumption passed? What did this determine? - Henry VII

A

The Act of Resumption was passed in 1486, with this returning all lands lost to the crown since 1455.

79
Q

When did Henry VII introduce a new Book of Rates? What impact did this have? - Henry VII

A

Henry introduced a new Book of Rates in 1507, with this increasing customs revenues to the crown.

80
Q

How much money did Henry take in benevolences in 1491? - Henry VII

A

Henry took £49,000 of benevolences in 1491.

81
Q

In which parliament did Henry VII commit to no further requests for extraordinary revenue? - Henry VII

A

Henry committed to no further requests for extraordinary revenue in the 1504 Parliament.