#5 Electrons And Bonding

Question 1

How many electrons in shell 1, 2, 3, and 4?

Answer 1

n1= 2
n2= 8
n3= 18
n4= 32

Question 2

What is the formula to find the number of electrons in a shell?

Answer 2

2n²
Or do no. of orbitals x 2

Question 3

How many sub shells in each shell?

Answer 3

Shell number. Sub shells
1. 1s
2. 2s, 2p
3. 3s, 3p, 3d
4. 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

Question 4

How many orbitals in each sub shells?

Answer 4

s = 1 orbital
p = 3 orbitals
d = 5 orbitals
f = 7 orbitals

Question 5

What shape are S orbitals?

Answer 5

Sphere shaped

Question 6

What shape are p orbitals?

Answer 6

Dumbbell shaped

Question 7

What is the Aufhan principle?

Answer 7

-Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy
-The 4s sub shell fills before the 3d sub shell
-The 4s sub shell also empties before the 3d sub shell

Question 8

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 8

The strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 9

What structure does ionic bonding form?

Answer 9

Giant ionic lattice

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The stronger the ionic bonding in a compound the ____.

Answer 10

Higher the melting point

Question 11

What 2 factors affect high melting points?

Answer 11

-Greater ionic charge= greater attraction
-Smaller ion size= greater attraction

Question 13

Which has a higher melting/boiling points? NaCl or NaBr

Answer 13

Answer: NaCl-small, less shells= stronger force of attraction

Question 14

How many electrons can the 3s orbital hold?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

What is the maximum amount of electrons an orbital can hold?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

How many electrons can the 4p sub shell hold?

Answer 16

6

Question 17

How many electrons can the 4th shell hold?

Answer 17

32

Question 18

How many electrons can the 4d orbital hold?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

Can most ionic compounds dissolve in a polar solvent (i.e water)

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What does solubility require/ what happens when an ionic compound dissolves in a polar substance?

Answer 20

-The ionic lattice is broken down
-Then the water molecules attract and surround the ions

Question 21

Draw water molecules surrounding a Cl- ion

Answer 21

Question 22

Draw water molecules surrounding an Na+ ion

Answer 22

Question 23

Can solid ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 23

No, there are no free moving ions (NOT ELECTRONS) which can carry a charge. This is because the ions lattice isn’t broken down and therefore the ions are in a fixed position

Question 24

Can molten or aqueous solutions conduct electricity?

Answer 24

Yes, the ions can move which carry a charge (NOT ELECTRONS). This is because the ionic lattice is broken down.

Question 25

What determines how many bonds an element will make?

Answer 25

The group number I.e. C is in group 4 and (8-4 = makes 4 bonds)

Question 26

How to work out the number of covalent bonds?

Answer 26

No. Covalent bonds= 8 - group no.

Question 27

What is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 27

When both electrons come from the same atom

Question 28

What is the octet rule?

Answer 28

Covalent bonds form so that each atom has 8 electrons in the outer shell

Question 29

What are the exceptions to the octet rule?

Answer 29

-Be and B- share all electrons but don’t have enough to reach 8 -P can form up to 5 bonds ( so 10 electrons in the outer shell -H only needs 2 to fill the outer shell -S can form up to 6 bonds (so 12 electrons in outer shell)