5: ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD Flashcards by Secret acc

Q

Philippine Party System Before Martial Law

Stable two-party system (1946–1972): ______ vs. ______.

A

Liberals, Nacionalistas

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Q

Philippine Party System Before Martial Law

______ (______) ended open political competition.

A

Martial Law, September 21, 1972

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Q

Philippine Party System Before Martial Law

______ dissolved, ______ arrested.

A

Congress, opposition

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Q

Marcos’ “New Society” and Constitutional Authoritarianism

Democracy replaced by “______”.

A

constitutional authoritarianism

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Q

Marcos’ “New Society” and Constitutional Authoritarianism

______ expanded Marcos’ power.

A

Presidential Decree 1081

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Q

Marcos’ “New Society” and Constitutional Authoritarianism

______: Marcos governed all branches of government.

A

General Order 1

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Q

Ferdinand Marcos’ Rise to Power

______ native, not from a political dynasty.

A

Ilocos Norte

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Q

Ferdinand Marcos’ Rise to Power

Acquitted of ______, topped the ______ (______).

A

murder, bar exams, 1940

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Q

Ferdinand Marcos’ Rise to Power

______ (1962–1965), later ______ (1965–1986).

A

Senate President, President

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Q

Ferdinand Marcos’ Rise to Power

Switched parties from ______ to ______ to win in ______.

A

Liberal, Nacionalista, 1965

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Q

Marcos’ Second Term and Political Maneuvering

______ Constitution limited Marcos’ term to ______.

A

1935, 1973

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Q

Marcos’ Second Term and Political Maneuvering

______ extended his rule, bypassing ______ and the ______.

A

Martial Law, Congress, Constitutional Convention

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Q

Marcos’ Second Term and Political Maneuvering

Criticism of the 1935 Constitution: seen as ______ and ______.

A

outdated, oligarchic

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Q

Martial Law’s Political Crackdown

Opposition silenced: ______, ______, ______, and ______ jailed.

A

politicians, journalists, academics, activists

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Q

Martial Law’s Political Crackdown

______ arrested, ______ disarmed.

A

Warlords, private armies

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Q

Martial Law’s Political Crackdown

Marcos promoted the “______” rhetoric.

A

New Society

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

Marcos’ plebiscite challenged in the ______.

A

Supreme Court

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

Court ruled the referendum was ______ but did not stop Marcos.

A

invalid

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

______ continued despite objections.

A

Martial Law

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

Referendums under ______ created an illusion of citizen participation.

A

Martial Law

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

Used to legitimize Marcos’ rule and extend his term beyond ______.

A

1973

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

1973 Referendum: ______% approval for Marcos’ extended rule.

A

90

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Q

Legitimizing Martial Law by Referendum

Postponed ______ elections.

A

National Assembly

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Q

1975 Referendum

______: A response to rising opposition.

A

1975 Referendum

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1975 Referendum Urban ______ and ______ groups challenged Marcos' rule.

poor, labor

1975 Referendum Referendum results: Another overwhelming approval for ______.

Martial Law

1975 Referendum Allowed Marcos to appoint ______ officials.

local

1976 Referendum ______: Strengthened Marcos’ authority.

October 1976 Referendum

1976 Referendum Constitutional amendments made Martial Law ______.

permanent

1976 Referendum Timed with ______ meetings for international support.

IMF-World Bank

1977 Referendum ______: Allowed Marcos to be both President & Prime Minister.

December 1977 Referendum

1977 Referendum Elections delayed until ______.

April 7, 1978

1977 Referendum ______ weakened, ______ family control strengthened.

Opposition, Marcos

Elections Under Martial Rule Elections were manipulated to favor ______.

Marcos

Elections Under Martial Rule Opposition was hindered through election rule changes: - ______ reinstated. - Larger ______ voting districts introduced. - Campaign period ______ to favor incumbents.

Block voting system, regional, shortened

Elections Under Martial Rule ______ restructured to favor the regime.

COMELEC

Elections Under Martial Rule Elections were centrally ______ & ______.

managed, manipulated

Elections Under Martial Rule ______ candidates faced systemic disadvantages

Opposition

Elections Under Martial Rule The ______ and ______ during Martial Law were designed not to empower the people, but to reinforce Marcos' control. ______ legitimized his rule, while ______ were manipulated to prevent real competition. This led to political ______, suppressed ______, and the consolidation of ______.

referendums, elections, Referendums, elections, apathy, opposition, authoritarian power

The Reemergence of Party Politics ______ Elections: First under Martial Law

1978

The Reemergence of Party Politics ______: Pro-Marcos party

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)

The Reemergence of Party Politics ______: Opposition led by Benigno Aquino Jr.

Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN)

The Reemergence of Party Politics ______ Victory: ______/207 seats won, allegations of ______

KBL, 186, fraud

The Reemergence of Party Factions Marcos's Strategy: ______ used to legitimize rule

Elections

The Reemergence of Party Factions ______: Strengthened Marcos’s regime

U.S. Aid Boost

The Reemergence of Party Factions Rift with Laurel Family: ______ vs. ______

Marcos, Salvador Laurel

The Reemergence of Party Factions Nacionalista Party Split: ______ vs. ______ factions

Pro-Marcos, Anti-Marcos

Consolidation of KBL Dominance ______’s Power: Controlled government resources

KBL

Consolidation of KBL Dominance Political Patronage: Officials aligned with ______

KBL

Consolidation of KBL Dominance ______ Family Influence: Unprecedented national control

Marcos

Consolidation of KBL Dominance Local Clans: Traditional ______ remained powerful

elites

The 1980 Local Elections First local elections since ______

Martial Law

The 1980 Local Elections In ______, Marcos held elections for ______ and ______—the first since martial law was declared.

January 1980, governors, mayors

The 1980 Local Elections Electoral rules were manipulated to ensure ______’s victory.

KBL

The 1980 Local Elections ______ campaign period (only ______ days)

Shortened, 30

The 1980 Local Elections Incumbents could stay in office while ______

running

The 1980 Local Elections Candidates had to be KBL members for ______ months

6+

The 1980 Local Elections Recognizing the election was ______, ______ boycotted, though some ______ members still ran.

rigged, LABAN, Nacionalista Party

The 1980 Local Elections The result: ______ won nearly all seats, solidifying Marcos’s hold on local governance.

KBL

Formation of UNIDO and Opposition Struggles ______ (______): United opposition group

UNIDO, 1980

Formation of UNIDO and Opposition Struggles Led by ______

Salvador Laurel

Formation of UNIDO and Opposition Struggles Internal Divisions: Not all ______ factions joined

opposition

Formation of UNIDO and Opposition Struggles Key Figures: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

Diokno, Tañada, Aquino, Roxas, Salonga

The Extralegal Opposition Urban Insurrectionary Campaigns - ______ (______) - ______ (______)

Light-A-Fire Movement, 1979, April 6 Liberation Movement, 1980

The Extralegal Opposition Tactics - ______ targeting symbols of Marcos's regime - Aimed to break the illusion of ______

Bombings, stability

The Extralegal Opposition Impact on Marcos - Lifted ______ (______) - Maintained dictatorial powers via ______

Martial Law, Jan 1981, constitutional amendments

First Martial-Rule Presidency ______ Referendum - Constitutional amendment: Presidential candidates must be ______ years old - Effectively barred ______ from running

March 1981, 50+, Benigno Aquino Jr.

First Martial-Rule Presidency ______ Presidential Election - Marcos ran against ______ (a weak, handpicked opponent) - Marcos won ______% of votes

June 16, 1981, Alejo Santos, 88

First Martial-Rule Presidency Marcos’s Power Structure - Retained control over ______, ______, and ______ - Appointed ______ as Prime Minister

elections, military, media, Cesar Virata

Consolidation of the Anti-Marcos Opposition ______ – Benigno Aquino Jr. assassinated

August 21, 1983

Consolidation of the Anti-Marcos Opposition Effects on the Opposition - Opposition ______ against Marcos - Shift from electoral politics to ______

united, pressure politics

Consolidation of the Anti-Marcos Opposition ______ Elections Two opposing opposition strategies: - ______ (led by ______) - ______ participation (led by ______ & ______) Revival of ______ (______) as an election watchdog

May 14, 1984, Boycott movement, COMPACT, Electoral, KOMPIL, UNIDO, NAMFREL, Jose Concepcion Jr.

Opposition Strategies in the 1984 Elections Boycott Movement (COMPACT) - Led by ______, ______, ______, and ______ - Goal: Accelerate Marcos’s downfall by denying ______

KAAKBAY, Liberal Party, PDP, NA, legitimacy

Opposition Strategies in the 1984 Elections Electoral Opposition (KOMPIL & UNIDO) - Demanded ______ electoral reforms (e.g., ______, independent ______) - Partial ______ by Marcos led to opposition participation

six, free press, COMELEC, compliance

Opposition Strategies in the 1984 Elections Election Results - Marcos’s ______ won majority - Opposition won ______ of National Assembly seats - ______ protected votes in urban areas & opposition strongholds

KBL, 1/3, NAMFREL

The Opposition Takes Shape (1984-1985) - ______ Group formed to select opposition candidates. - Convenor Group identified ______ potential challengers. - Early consideration of ______ as a candidate. - Marcos announces ______ elections (______). - Cory Aquino for President Movement collected ______ signatures.

Facilitator, 12, Corazon Aquino, early, Nov 1985, 1.2M

The Opposition Takes Shape (1984-1985) - ______ declared himself the opposition candidate. - This led to a political ______ within the opposition. - Laurel later ceded the presidential spot to ______. - In exchange, ______ secured cabinet positions post-Marcos.

Salvador Laurel, standoff, Aquino, UNIDO

The 1986 Snap Elections - Election date: ______. - Widespread ______ and ______ reported. - ______'s quick count prevented full manipulation. - Computer operators walked out in protest over election fraud.

February 7, 1986, fraud, violence, NAMFREL

The Fall of Marcos ______ – Military defection (______ & ______).

February 21, 1986, Enrile, Ramos

The Fall of Marcos ______ began.

People Power Revolution

The Fall of Marcos Marcos exiled to ______ on ______.

Hawaii, February 25, 1986