1: Nation-State Formation in the Philippines

Question 1

The nation and the state are distinct
concepts, with their relationship being ______. When combined, they create the ______, which is the alignment of the political and cultural units. However in the Philippines, the state was not built upon the foundation of a ______, and the state has struggled to foster a unified ______.

Answer 1

symbiotic, nation-state, pre-existing nation, national identity

Question 2

A ______ is a large group united by a shared identity, functioning as an “imagined community” where members feel connected despite never meeting all other members.

Answer 2

nation

Question 3

Formation and Dynamics (Nation)

Two key forces shape Nations:

______ that is essential for maintaining distinct identity

______ that provides members security and meaning

Answer 3

Group cohesion, Individual belonging

Question 4

Formation and Dynamics (Nation)

These forces create a dynamic where the group demands ______ while individuals seek ______. Tensions can arise when a person’s desired ______ differs from their actual ______.

Answer 4

conformity, assimilation, reference group, membership group

Question 5

TYPES OF NATIONS:

Answer 5

Ethnic Nations
Territorial Nations

Question 6

TYPES OF NATIONS:

______
- Based on shared ethnicity, typically comprising a single ethnic group

Answer 6

Ethnic Nations

Question 7

TYPES OF NATIONS:

______
- Formed within predefined borders, incorporating multiple ethnic groups

Answer 7

Territorial Nations

Question 8

______ in nations refers to multiple ethnic groups coexisting symbiotically. Important distinction: diversity itself doesn’t cause conflict; rather, conflict emerges when ______ occurs—when groups reject national identity and seek separate recognition.

Answer 8

Ethnic diversity, ethnic cleavage

Question 9

A ______ is an organization made up of various agencies under executive authority that can create and enforce binding rules for all people in a territory, using force if necessary.

Answer 9

state

Question 10

Formation and Dynamics (State)

Two key elements shape states:

______ - Ability to make independent decisions

______ - Ability to implement goals and policies

Answer 10

Autonomy, Capacity

Question 11

Formation and Dynamics (State)

These elements create a framework where the state must balance its power to ______ while effectively serving its people.

Answer 11

govern

Question 12

TYPES OF STATES:

Answer 12

Strong States
Weak States

Question 13

TYPES OF STATES:

______
- Usually Western countries with advanced systems and effective control

Answer 13

Strong States

Question 14

TYPES OF STATES:

______
- Often formerly colonized nations with limited autonomy and capacity

Answer 14

Weak States

Question 15

State Building and Challenges

State effectiveness varies due to
internal and external factors.
Success depends on having:

______ roles (Centralized authority)

______ structures

______ (rather than personal) relationships

Answer 15

Specialized government, Permanent, Institutional

Question 16

Nation Building and State Formation

______ and ______ contribute to state formation.

Answer 16

Nationhood, Nationalism

Question 17

Nation Building and State Formation

States evolve from a group of people who have a ______ sense of being a ______.

Answer 17

unified, nation

Question 18

Weak National Identity

History and Culture

Colonizers established governments before the ______ of ______.

Answer 18

consolidation, national identities

Question 19

Weak National Identity

Geographic Setting

People identify and align themselves based on ______, often distancing themselves from those belonging to other regions

Answer 19

birth region

Question 20

Weak National Identity

Discrimination

Majority views the minority or ethnic groups ______

Answer 20

condescendingly

Question 21

Nation Building and State Formation

______ can help bring a nation or cultural homogeneity, and promote nation integration.

Answer 21

Integrative mechanisms

Question 22

History of the Philippine State

Notion of a state emerged when the western islands was called ______.

Answer 22

Las Filipinas

Question 23

History of the Philippine State

______ was complete when Spain claimed all the islands and named it ______.

Answer 23

Spanish conquest, Filipinas

Question 24

Periods:

Answer 24

Pre-Hispanic
Spanish Colonization
American Colonization

Question 25

Periods Pre-Hispanic - ______ was the unit of government.

Answer 25

Barangay

Question 26

Periods Pre-Hispanic - No ______ regulating these barangays.

Answer 26

central government

Question 27

Periods Spanish Colonization - ______ was established.

Answer 27

Levels of government

Question 28

Periods Spanish Colonization - Filipinos had very ______ participation

Answer 28

minimal

Question 29

Periods Spanish Colonization - ______ - Spanish friars had major roles in the government

Answer 29

Frailocracy

Question 30

Periods American Colonization - ______ government

Answer 30

Liberal democratic

Question 31

Periods American Colonization - ______, ______, and ______ power

Answer 31

Executive, legislative, judicial

Question 32

Periods American Colonization - ______ autonomy

Answer 32

Local

Question 33

Periods American Colonization - ______ of the government

Answer 33

Filipnization

Question 34

Periods American Colonization - Separation of the ______ and ______

Answer 34

state, church

Question 35

History of the Philippine State ______ of government became the bedrock of the Philippine state.

Answer 35

American model

Question 36

History of the Philippine State The state failed to incorporate ______.

Answer 36

different groups

Question 37

Post-Colonial State Neither has ______ or ______.

Answer 37

autonomy, capacity

Question 38

Post-Colonial State Characteristics negate the essence of a ______, which includes a state dominated by ______, and weak ______.

Answer 38

state, elite politics, social control

Question 39

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Spanish colonizers created and strengthened elites resulting to a highly ______

Answer 39

stratified social structure

Question 40

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Elites hold considerable power even during the ______

Answer 40

American period

Question 41

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Elites with Spainish blood willingly embrace ______

Answer 41

American colonialism

Question 42

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Power and resources are centralized on few ______ cities, which are tied to a ______

Answer 42

urban, colonial system

Question 43

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Elites use the state to pursue their ______ interests

Answer 43

personal

Question 44

Creation of an Elite-dominated Politics Rules are ______ and ______ — contradicting the very essence of a ______

Answer 44

parochial, discriminatory, state

Question 45

Weak Social Control The Philippines faces significant challenges in state formation due to its inability to ______ effectively. At its core, the problem stems from ______ leaders failing to consolidate their authority, largely due to the persistent influence of strong ______ leaders. This creates a complex web of compromises that ultimately weakens state institutions.

Answer 45

centralize power, national, local

Question 46

Key Manifestations of Weak Social Control:

Answer 46

Power Distribution Problems Resource Allocation and Governance Bureaucratic Challenges Consequences for State Authority

Question 47

Key Manifestations of Weak Social Control: Power Distribution Problems The state's weakness begins with how power is distributed. Instead of having a strong central authority: - ______ leaders maintain significant control in their territories - ______ leaders compromise to ensure political survival - ______ and ______ politics become normalized - ______ becomes an accepted practice

Answer 47

Local, National, Corruption, clan-based, Electoral fraud

Question 48

Key Manifestations of Weak Social Control: Resource Allocation and Governance This compromised power structure leads to a dysfunctional resource allocation system. Resources are allocated through political bargaining. This results in: - Benefits flowing to ______ rather than communities - State dependency on ______ for stability - Weakened ______ - Compromised ______ processes

Answer 48

political elites, local strongmen, institutional autonomy, decision-making

Question 49

Key Manifestations of Weak Social Control: Bureaucratic Challenges The state's capacity to implement policies is severely undermined through various practices: - The "______" - constant transfer of personnel - ______ appointments to prevent power consolidation - Creation of agencies with overlapping ______ - Use of appointments as ______

Answer 49

big shuffle, Nepotistic, functions, political patronage

Question 50

Key Manifestations of Weak Social Control: Consequences for State Authority These practices have created a cycle of weakening state control. The impact is evident in several ways: - Questioned legitimacy of ______ - Compromised ______ - Reduced ______ with state rules - Emergence of ______ groups as alternative power centers

Answer 50

state actions, law enforcement, voluntary compliance, civil society

Question 51

In the Philippines, weak government control has allowed ______ families and groups (elites) to heavily influence both ______ and ______ institutions. Because of this, people formed their own groups (like ______ and ______) to solve problems without relying on the government. This created a situation where issues between the government and the people are usually solved through negotiations and compromise although there are exception like the ______.

Answer 51

powerful, society, government, NGOs, community organizations, EDSA People Power Revolution

Question 52

Weak Social Control The ______ itself finds it difficult to mediate issues as it is difficult to determine when political leaders exercise their powers as ______ in the state or members of the ______.

Answer 52

state, officials, elite class