2: Public Opinion and Democratic Governance Flashcards by Secret acc

Democracy depends on ______ in support of the ______ and ______ of democratic government.

public opinion, ends, means

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______ has said, the “open interplay of ______ and ______ is the distinguishing mark of popular rule.”

Harold Lasswell, opinion, policy

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Public Opinion: The Concept and Its Operationalization

Theoretically, a PUBLIC is any group of people conjoined in some specific be it
______
______
______

political, economic, social

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Public Opinion: The Concept and Its Operationalization

the manner in which society or any of its various institutions regulates that interest spells ______ and ______ to the concerned public.

benefits, costs

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Public Opinion: The Concept and Its Operationalization

Interest Regulation

______: constitutional edicts, laws, decrees, and administrative orders
______: controlling customs, traditions, and similar biases,

formal policies, Informal outcomes

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______
- In every country, the broadest sense of the public

Nation

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______
- the general citizenry interested in the competent management of at least their public order and safety, economic well-being, social equity, cultural identity, and territorial integrity.

Nation

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______
- The broadest level encompassing all citizens

National Public

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Sectoral & Functional Publics (More Restricted)
- ______
- ______
- ______
- ______
- ______
- ______

Government, Business, Labor, Military, Religious groups, Scientific publics

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Associational Publics (More Specialized)
- Professional organizations (e.g., ______)

Philippine Political Science Association

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Industry-specific groups
- ______ (Social and Casual Groups)
- ______ based on shared interests (e.g., Friday social meetups)

Informal Publics, Gatherings

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“______” is no less than the general citizenry, with particular emphasis on those who are deemed by law to be legitimate participants in the formal processes of political governance.

PUBLIC

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PUBLIC

adult citizens ______ years old and above without any ______ to their exercise of political rights.

eighteen, legal impediment

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PUBLIC

______ (what they see)
______ (what they believe or think about what they perceive)
______ (what they feel)
______ (what they are inclined to do

perceptions, opinions, sentiments, attitudes

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PUBLIC

They relate to their nation’s politics and other concerns are collectively discussed as ______.

public opinion

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______
- Given technological developments and functional orientations that increasingly coordinate, integrate or globalize the politics, economics and social concerns of nation-states

International Community

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International Community

international publics have often developed common ______ and proposed collective ______ to numerous global concern

perceptions, solutions

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International Community

Formidable ______: Mass poverty, overpopulation, pandemics, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, illegal drug trafficking, human rights violation, human trafficking, corruption, economic inequities, and ecological degradation

global challenges

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______ - one of the most popular topics in discussions of governance

PUBLIC OPINION

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PUBLIC OPINION

people who uncritically elevate the status of public opinion and refer to it as no less than the ______, to be faithfully heeded and religiously followed on mostly every issue.

voice of God

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PUBLIC OPINION

This ______ is often inspired by their great cynicism self-serving, often corrupt elites, public officials and politicians generally speaking.

populist-deistic attitude

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PUBLIC OPINION

Uncompromising critics of public opinion see it as issuing mostly from the ______, ______, and readily ______ masses.

ignorant, fickle, manipulable

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______ (the stupid mass or general public)

MASANG TANGA

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______
- is the local diatribe among Filipinos allergic to public opinion. They denounce political leaders and other notables who are perceived to be irresponsibly guided by the whims and fancies of at best well-meaning but definitely shortsighted and emotional constituencies.

MASANG TANGA

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MASANG TANGA ______ of the citizenry - must define the proper status of public opinion - sufficiently ______ - relatively ______ - predictably more ______ in assessing public officials and their governance policies

quality, educated, well-informed, mature

MASANG TANGA there appears to be no reason why their collective ______ may not be preferred over that of most politicians and the latter's associates.

wisdom

Monitoring and Reporting Public Opinion ______ - needs to be scientifically monitored and responsibly communicated if it is to be an important input to the critical process of governance.

PUBLIC OPINION

Monitoring and Reporting Public Opinion - methodology or the technical manner in which public opinion surveys (more generally speaking, ______ on the views of the citizenry) must be conducted and analyzed for public consumption. - focuses more on ______ information that must be included in publicly reporting the results of any opinion survey.

survey research, critical

Monitoring and Reporting Public Opinion If lapses occur either in the ______ or the ______ of the survey results, the study could grossly mislead or outrightly disinform the target audiences.

methodology, public reporting

METHOLODOGY ______ - "Gathering information about a large number of people by interviewing a few of them."

Survey Research

METHOLODOGY ______ - Highlights the sampling methodology used in scientifically conducted opinion surveys.

Survey Research

METHOLODOGY ______ - Whether the target population is relatively numerous or large, the process must follow randomized choice principles to ensure an accurate representation.

Survey Research

METHOLODOGY ______ - Statistical chance of selection is known or can be calculated.

Probability Samples

METHOLODOGY ______ - Can have equal or unequal probability of selection.

Probability Samples

METHOLODOGY ______ - Take precedence over non-probability samples in scientific surveys.

Probability Samples

METHOLODOGY ______ - Allow for error margins and confidence levels to be calculated.

Probability Samples

METHOLODOGY ______ - Define the range of possible values for a survey statistic.

Error Margins

METHOLODOGY Error Margins - Example: For a sample of 1,200 respondents, error margin ≈ ______ percentage points for midrange proportions

±3

METHOLODOGY ______ - Typically set at 95% in opinion surveys.

Confidence Level

METHOLODOGY ______ - Means that if the survey were repeated 20 times, the same result would appear 19 times out of 20.

Confidence Level

METHOLODOGY Factors affecting sample size:

Precision required. Operational costs. Time constraints. Risk of increasing non-sampling errors.

METHOLODOGY - Proper ______ is crucial for reliable survey results. - Must consider ______, ______, ______, and ______ contexts to avoid respondent confusion.

questionnaire design, cultural, social, economic, political

METHOLODOGY Common errors in survey questions: - ______ in wording. - Improper ______ and ______ order. - ______ or ______ questions. - Overly ______ probes that fatigue respondents.

Ambiguity, terminologies, illogical, Leading, two-edged, lengthy

METHOLODOGY - ______ is mandatory to ensure clarity. - ______ must maintain original intent through expert back-translation.

Pretesting, Multilingual translations

METHOLODOGY ______ must be carefully supervised to maintain data integrity.

Fieldwork

METHOLODOGY ______ interviews are the dominant format in the Philippines due to: - Low telephone density. - Cultural values affecting phone use. - Challenges of random digit dialing for phone surveys.

Face-to-face

METHOLODOGY ______: 20% of interviews are back-checked by field supervisors to ensure authenticity.

Pulse Asia surveys by Trends-NFO

Steps after fieldwork: - ______, ______, and ______ of survey responses. - Data is then ______ by a team of experts. - Analysts follow strict ______ to ensure unbiased and accurate interpretation of results.

Collation, encoding, data processing, analyzed, academic principles

Survey research relies on: - ______ (probability-based). - Accurate ______. - Thorough ______. When properly conducted, surveys provide reliable and actionable insights on ______.

Scientific sampling, questionnaire design, field supervision, public opinion

METHOLODOGY Nonpartisan expert analysts review survey data. - Includes ______, ______, ______, and ______. They prepare: - ______ for survey clients. - ______ for the general public.

statisticians, economists, political scientists, social scientists, Analytical reports, Media releases

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION Survey findings are reported to various target audiences: - ______ (those funding national public opinion probes). - Dedicated ______ (exclusive funders of specific surveys). - ______ through media dissemination. ______ may impose a limited embargo (up to ______) on results.

Survey subscribers, survey commissioners, General public, Survey commissioners, one year

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION ______ (e.g., Pulse Asia, Social Weather Stations) - Do not allow exclusive ownership of survey data. - All survey findings enter the public domain after embargo. Leakage of survey findings by a commissioner ______ the embargo, making data ______ immediately.

Philippine survey groups, nullifies, public

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION - ______ should be made available as soon as possible, especially on governance issues. - ______ by the powerful contradicts democratic ideals. - ______ = empowerment of citizens - Suppressing survey data keeps people ______ and obstructs ______.

Public opinion surveys, Monopoly of knowledge, Access to public opinion data, marginalized, democratic progress

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION ______ plays a crucial role in: - Disseminating survey results. - Informing the public on governance and institutional performance.

Media

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION Surveys influence ______: - Corrupt and inefficient leaders may change when faced with negative public perception. - A restless, impoverished, and frustrated public could push for reforms.

government accountability

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION ______ is not always unbiased; it can be used to distort public opinion.

Media

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION To distinguish credible surveys from manipulative ones, media reports must include: 1. The ______ that conducted the survey. 2. The ______ of the survey. 3. The ______ and ______ design. 4. The ______ the survey was conducted. 5. Technical details such as ______, ______, and ______.

organization, funding source, sampling, questionnaire, dates, sample size, error margins, confidence levels

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION ______: - Provide objective data for democratic governance. - Enhance understanding of public opinion. ______: - Aim to spin or distort public perception. - Are often produced by groups with hidden agendas.

Credible surveys, Manipulative surveys

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION - Need for public ______ - Filipinos must learn to ______ and ______ unreliable surveys.

awareness, identify, dismiss

REPORTING PUBLIC OPINION - ______ are powerful democratic tools when conducted properly. - ______ in methodology and reporting is essential. - ______: Ensure survey findings are accurately presented and not manipulated. - The public must be critical consumers of survey data to protect ______.

Public opinion surveys, Transparency, Media responsibility, democratic integrity