5. EEG Flashcards

1
Q

Who invented EEG?

A

Hans Berger

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2
Q

(EEG) opposite potentials in a sulcus can…

A

cancel each other out

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3
Q

In EEG we are measuring…

A

a difference in electrical charge (this is called voltage)

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4
Q

(EEG) voltages are ____ measures across the head

A

relative

  • there must always be a reference electrode
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5
Q

a microvlot is ____ of a volt

A

a millionth

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6
Q

The voltages we measure with EEG are ___, typically in the order of tens of ____

A

voltages, tiny, microvolts

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7
Q

What is the nasion?

A

EEG cap placement reference point:

  • just above the bridge of the nose (between eyes)
  • From the Cz electrode to the Nasion should be 50% of the distance of the semicircle
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8
Q

What is the inion?

A

EEG cap placement reference point:

  • The bump at the base of the skull
  • From the Cz electrode to the inion should be 50% of the distance of the semicircle
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9
Q

impedance is measured in…

A

ohms (Ω)

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10
Q

How can impedance be reduced?

A

By using conductive gel or paste

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11
Q

what is impedance?

A
  • a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to current
  • It is like resistance, but it also has a phase component
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12
Q

___ impedances are considered good

A

<5kΩ

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13
Q

(EEG) any noise introduced before the amplifier…

A

will be amplified too

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14
Q

Applying a ____ can sometimes make the EEG waveforms easier to interpret

A

smoothing filter (e.g. low pass filter)

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15
Q

What are some of the methods used to precisely record on the EEG trace when a stimulus was shown

A
  • triggers based on sound/light signals

- using digital connections between computers

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16
Q

In many experimental paradigms, one computer records the EEG while a different computer…

A

displays some stimuli

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17
Q

(EEG) the true signal we are interested in can be revealed by…

A

averaging over multiple trials and/or multiple subjects

  • we might also avg over several electrodes to get a global signal for a particular region
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18
Q

EEG artifact removal:

Various labs use different rejection criteria:

  • e.g. removing trials where some measure exceeded ____ of the mean
A

±3SE

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19
Q

What is independent components analysis (ICA)?

A

Independent component analysis attempts to decompose a multivariate signal into independent non-Gaussian signals.

  • A simple application of ICA is the “cocktail party problem”, where the underlying speech signals are separated from a sample data consisting of people talking simultaneously in a room
20
Q

What is an ERP

A

Event related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

21
Q

negative voltages are plotted ____ in ERP

22
Q

What is used to quantify ERPs?

A
  • Peak amplitude and/or latency

- or the area under deflection (peak)

23
Q

What is the Fourier analysis technique?

A

Any waveform can be broken down into or deconstructed from the sum of sine waves of different frequencies

  • A convenient representation of this is to plot the amplitude (or power) as a function of frequency (y = amp / x = freq)
24
Q

(EEG) ____ plots represent how the Fourier spectrum changes over time

A

Frequency vs time plots:

y = freq / x = time

25
Frequency band: Delta
<4Hz - sleep - some attention tasks
26
Frequency band: Theta
4-7Hz Is similar to Alpha: - resting, tiredness, attentional lapses
27
Frequency band: Alpha
7-14Hz - resting - tiredness - attentional lapses
28
Frequency band: Beta
15-30Hz - motor behaviour - concentration
29
Frequency band: Gamma
>30Hz - long range neural synchronization
30
What technique can be used to make the brain oscillate at a particular frequency?
Steady state - presenting a stimulus oscillating at a desired frequency (sound, image, somatosensory)
31
Where is the steady state EEG approach useful?
Working with children or animals (no communication required)
32
What do head and contour plots show
typically the distribution of activity across electrodes at a SPECIFIC point in time (heat maps for a given time)
33
ERP: A basic visual response
P100 (occipital)
34
ERP: A basic auditory response
N100 (frontal)
35
ERP: Produced by face stimuli
N170
36
ERP: Reflects decision making
P300
37
ERP: An indicator of motor planning
Lateralized readiness potential (LRP)
38
Where in clinical research is EEG used?
- Epilepsy - Migraine - Movement disorders (e.g. Parkinson's) - Psychiatric disorders - Diagnosing brain death, coma etc.
39
How is EEG used in sleep research?
Different stages of sleep are associated with characteristic patterns of EEG activity - EEG can be used to investigate sleep disorders, and study consolidation of learning during sleep
40
How is EEG used in basic sensory research?
- Assessing hearing deficits, the efficacy of cochlear implants - Vision: steady-state EEG has become more popular The advantage of basic sensory research is that it can be used on subjects who cannot respond to a behavioural task (e.g. very young children)
41
EEG has excellent ____ resolution but poor ____ resolution
temporal, spatial
42
fMRI has excellent ____ resolution but poor ____ resolution
spatial, temporal
43
To use EEG with fMRI you need an MR-compatible EEG system...
without too much metal
44
(EEG & MEG together) Because the magnetic field and electrical dipole are _____, measuring both simultaneously can...
- orthogonal | - aid enormously in source localization
45
What are the advantages of EEG?
+ Cheap (consumables cost
46
What are the future uses of EEG?
- Human-computer interaction - Gaming headsets - BCI/neurofeedback