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GI Final > 5 Digestion and Absorption in the GI > Flashcards

5 Digestion and Absorption in the GI Flashcards

1
Q

What enzymes are mainly found in the mouth

A

Amylase and lingual lipase

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2
Q

What enzymes are found in the stomach

A

Pepsin and gastric lipase

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3
Q

What proteins are found in the pancreas

A

Amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase, lipase-colipase, phospholipase A2, cholesterol esterase

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4
Q

What enzymes are found in the SI

A

Enterokinase, disacharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase, trehalase, isomaltase), peptidases (aminooligopeptidase, dipeptidase)

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5
Q

What are cavital/luminal enzymes

A

Enzymes secreted by salivary glands, stomach, and panreas

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6
Q

What are membrane enzymes

A

Brush border enzymes (found attached to cell surfaces)

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7
Q

Longitudinal folds of the SI are called

A

Folds of Kerckring

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8
Q

Villi are longest where

A

Duodenum

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9
Q

What is the turnover rate of enterocytes

A

3-6 days

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10
Q

What are enterocytes susceptible to

A

Radiation and chemotherapy

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11
Q

What is the unstirred layer

A

A layer of thick mucous that surrounds enterocytes

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12
Q

Lactose is broken down by lactase into

A

Glucose and galactose

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13
Q

What is responsible for glucose uptake

A

SGLT1

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14
Q

What is responsible for update of galactose

A

SGLT1

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15
Q

What is responsible for uptake of fructose

A

GLUT5

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16
Q

What moves glucose into the blood from the cells

A

GLUT2

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17
Q

What moves galactose into the blood from the cell

A

GLUT2

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18
Q

What moves fructose from the cell into the blood

A

GLUT2

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19
Q

What is the result of lactose intolerance

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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20
Q

What is a test for carbohydrate assimilation

A

D-xylose test

Abnormal when low amounts are found in the urine (suggests that it wasn’t taken up)

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21
Q

Why is trypsin such an important enzyme

A

It activates all the other proteases

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22
Q

What is normally co-transported with the different types of AA

A

Na

23
Q

What is co transported with di- and tri-peptides

A

H

24
Q

There are separate AA transporters based on

A

AA type

Neutral, acidic, basic, imino

25
Q

How is CF linked to pancreatitis

A

The CFTR Cl transporter doesn’t allow Cl to leave the cell which makes the HCO3 out/Cl in antiporter not work correctly

This means enzymes cannot move from ducts and this can lead to acute or chronic pancreatitis

26
Q

What does congenital trypsin absence do

A

Lack of trypsin means no active pancreatic enzymes

27
Q

Cystinuria is caused by

A

Defect or absence of Dibasic (Cys, Lys, Arg, Ornithine) AA transporters in SI and kidney

28
Q

What is Hartnup disease

A
  • cannot absorb neutral AA
  • pellagra (resembles niacin deficiency
  • tryptophan and thus serotonin deficiency
29
Q

What initiate the digestion of lipids in the stomach

A

Lingual and gastric lipases

30
Q

What hormone is primarily involved in lipid digestion

A

CCK

31
Q

What does CCK do

A

Slows rate of gastric emptying and allows for more mixing

Activates gallbladder secretions

32
Q

Where does most lipid digestion occur

A

SI

33
Q

What are the pancreatic lipases that are secreted

A

Pancreatic lipase (secreted as active)

Colipase (activated by trypsin)
-once active, displaces bile salts by binding to pancreatic lipse

Cholesterol ester hydrolase

  • catalyzes production of cholesterol
  • hydrolyzes triglycerides to glycerol

Phospholipase A2 (activated by trypsin)

34
Q

Lack of ApoB leads to abetalipoproteinemia which leads to

A

No lipid absorption

35
Q

Problems with lipid assimilation can manifest as

A

Steatorrhea

36
Q

What is pancreatic insufficiency

A

Failure to secrete proper amounts of pancreatic enzymes

37
Q

What is Zollinger Ellison syndrome

A
  • gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas
  • increased H secretion by parietal cells
  • overload of acid into duodenum
38
Q

What is pancreatitis

A

Impaired HCO3 and enzyme secretions

39
Q

Why does ileal resection affect bile salts

A

The ileum plays a large role in recycling the bile salts into the portal circulation

40
Q

How does small intestinal bacterial overgrowth cause bile salt issues

A

Bacteria can deconjugate bile salts which results in poor micelle formation

Overgrowth damges intestinal mucosa (where the bile salts are supposed to be reabsorbed)

41
Q

What deficiencies are present with tropical sprue

A

Loss or decreased number of intestinal epithelial cells

Folate and B12

42
Q

Celiac sprue relates to poor absorption of

A

Folate, iron, calcium, vitamins A, B12, D

43
Q

How are most water-soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Na dependent co-transport

44
Q

What does Vitamin B12 deficiency cause

A

Demyelination of the large nerve fibers of spinal cord and important in DNA synthesis in RBC

45
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Failure of maturation of RBC when B12 is deficient

46
Q

What can cause issues with B12 absorption

A

Gastrectomy (partial loss of parietal cells)

Gastric bypass (exclusion of the stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum)

47
Q

What are the common causes of pernicious anemia

A

Atrophic gastritis-chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa that leads to loss of parietal cells

Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis - immune system attacks IF protein or gastric parietal cells

48
Q

What can poor Vit D absorption cause

A

Inadequate Ca abs
Rickeys
Osteomalcia

49
Q

How is iron absorbed

A

Liver secretes apotransferrin into bile

Binds to free iron and forms transferrin

Binds to receptors on enterocytes

50
Q

What is primarily absorbed in proximal SI

A

Fats, sugars, peptides and AA, Iron, Folate, Ca, Water, Electrolytes

51
Q

What is primarily absorbed in the middle SI

A

Sugars, peptides and AA, Ca, water, electrolytes

52
Q

What is primarily absorbed in the distal SI

A

Bile acids, B12, water, electrolytes

53
Q

What is primarily absorbed in the colon

A

Water, electrolytes, MCT, Ca, AA

GI Final (12 decks)

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