5. Diagnostics and treatment of liver diseases in ruminants. Flashcards
Explain why the blood glucose is lower in ruminants compared to monogastric species.
Most of the energy supply in ruminants comes from the rumen (VFA), and during gluconeogenesis in the liver, glucose is formed. After calving, there can be insulin resistance.
What is the gold standard for measuring insulin resistance?
The gold standard for measuring insulin resistance is the Hyperinsulinemia-Euglycemic (HEC) test, where gluconeogenesis of the
liver can be suppressed at 100-120uU/ml insulin concentration.
What are the consequences of elevated NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) in the liver?
Elevated NEFA, 2-6 weeks after calving, indicates a major negative energy balance. NEFA can join gluconeogenesis, form ketone bodies (hyperketonemia), or, if the liver cannot utilize them, become re- esterified triglycerides leading to fatty infiltration.
List some causes of hemolytic icterus in ruminants.
Causes include leptospirosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, consumption of certain foods (cabbage, onion), and copper toxicosis in
sheep.
What are the clinical signs of hepatic icterus in ruminants?
Clinical signs include yellow sclera, mucous membranes, and skin; dark urine; bilirubinuria and/or hemoglobinuria; and an increase in plasma bilirubin (TBr > 3mg/dl).
Explain the characteristics and significance of liver enzymes AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP.
AST indicates hepatocellular necrosis, ALT is not measured in ruminants, GGT is associated with hepatobiliary diseases, and ALP is also related to hepatobiliary diseases but with low sensitivity.
What is the normal range for total bile acids (TBA) in ruminants?
Normal TBA range is <90umol/L.
What are the causes and clinical signs of fatty liver syndrome in ruminants?
Causes include energy deficit after parturition, increased lipid mobilization, obesity during the dry period, anorexia disease, nutritional anomalies, and stress. Clinical signs vary from acute peracute disease to subclinical fatty liver.
Describe the diagnostic methods for fatty liver syndrome.
Diagnostic methods include ultrasound (diffuse increased echogenicity), liver biopsy (floating test, total lipid detection), and laboratory exams (increased serum AST, bile acids, blood ammonia, ketonuria, decreased cholesterol and urea, increased NEFA).
What therapeutic approaches are suggested for liver diseases in ruminants, specifically for ketosis?
Therapeutic approaches include support for liver functions through fluid and electrolyte therapy, glucose infusion, lipotropic factors, and glucocorticoids. Preventive measures include optimal nutrition and avoiding overconditioning.
