3. Disease of the oral cavity and the oesophagus in ruminants

Question 1

Name the seven types of stomatitis and provide an example for each.

Answer 1

1. Simple(e.g.,mild physical-chemical causes)
2. Ulcerative(e.g.,satratoxicosis)
3. Necrotic(e.g.,necrobacillosis)
4. Purulent(e.g.,Actinobacillosis)
5. Membranous(e.g.,candidiasis)
6. Papular(e.g.,bovine Papular stomatitis)
7. Vesicular(e.g.,Foot and Mouth disease-FMD)

Question 2

List three non-infectious agents that can cause stomatitis.

Answer 2

Physical causes (sharp plants, foreign bodies), chemical causes
(fertilizers, acids, alkalis), toxicoses (e.g., Stachybotris atra).

Question 3

What are the clinical signs of stomatitis, and how is it diagnosed?

Answer 3

Clinical signs include anorexia, depression, fever, halitosis, and disorders of eating. Diagnosis involves determining the type of stomatitis through history, typical morphological lesions, general and other organic symptoms, and additional laboratory examinations.

Question 4

Name three viral agents causing stomatitis in ruminants.

Answer 4

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) - Aphtovirus, Malignant catarrhal
fever - Herpesvirus (OHV-2), Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) - Pestivirus.

Question 5

How many serotypes does Bluetongue have, and why is it considered a notifiable disease?

Answer 5

Bluetongue has 30 serotypes. It is considered a notifiable disease due to its significant impact on animal health and potential for rapid spread.

Question 6

What is the primary treatment for stomatitis, and provide examples of local therapy.

Answer 6

Treatment involves eliminating the cause, providing good quality hay, molasses, bran, and administering peroral/IV fluids. Local therapy includes 0.1% AgNO3 solution, 2% borax, povidone iodine, and chamomile tea.

Question 7

What is Actinomycosis, and why is it challenging to treat?

Answer 7

Actinomycosis is a disease in the bone of the buccal cavity. It is
difficult to treat, and options may include culling.

Question 8

What causes Actinobacillosis, and what complications may arise at the end of chronic soft tissue infection?

Answer 8

Actinobacillosis is caused by a sharp object. At the end of the chronic soft tissue infection, it may result in Wooden Tongue, which is challenging to treat and may require culling.

Question 9

Define choke in ruminants and list the clinical signs.

Answer 9

: Choke is an obstruction in the oesophagus that leads to spasm,
causing pain, regurgitation, drooling, and bloat. Clinical signs include restlessness (colic-like behavior), retching, salivation, regurgitation, visible/palpable mass in the jugular groove, rapid bloat, and enlargement of the left flank.

Question 10

How is choke diagnosed, and what are the treatment options?

Answer 10

Diagnosis involves history, oesophageal tubing, and endoscopy.
Treatment includes spasmolytics, analgesics (e.g., Methimazole), sedation (e.g., Xylazine), and removal of the foreign body by hand, rubber tube, or via surgery.