5. Classification of Eukaryotes

Question 1

How many main phyla of plants are there?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

How does one distinguish between the 4 main phyla of plants?

Answer 2

by studying their external structure

• roots, stems and leaves
• reproductive structures

Question 3

What are the 4 main phyla of plants?

Answer 3

• Bryophytes (mosses)
• Filicinophytes (ferns)
• Coniferophytes (conifers)
• Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)

Question 4

Give the characteristic features of the external structure of Bryophytes.

Answer 4

roots, stems and leaves:

• structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids but no roots
• mosses have simple leaves and stems; liveworts have a flattened thallus
• no vascular tissue

reproductive structures:

• spores are produced in a capsule
• capsule develops at the end of a stalk

Question 5

Give the characteristic features of the external structure of Filicinphytes.

Answer 5

roots, stems and leaves:

• roots, leaves and short non-woody stems
• leaves curled up in bud and often divided into pairs of leaflets (pinnate)
• vascular tissue is present

reproductive structures:
- spores produced in sporangia, usually on the underside of leaves

Question 6

Give the characteristic features of the external structure of Coniferophytes.

Answer 6

roots, stems and leaves:

• shrubs or trees with roots, leaves and woody stems
• leaves often narrow with a thick waxy cuticle
• vascular tissue is present

reproductive structures:

• seeds, develop on ovules on the surface of the scales of female cones
• male cones produce pollen

Question 7

Give the characteristic features of the external structure of Angiospermaophytes.

Answer 7

roots, stems and leaves:

• very variable, usually have roots, leaves and stems
• stems of shrubs and trees are woody
• vascular tissue is present

reproductive structures:

• seeds, develop from ovules inside ovaries in flowers
• fruits develop from the ovaries to disperse the seeds

Question 8

How many phyla of animals are there?

Answer 8

30+

Question 9

Name the 7 large phyla that you need to know recognition features for? (pics p69)

Answer 9

1. Porifera
2. Cnidaria
3. Platyhelminths
4. Annelida
5. Arthropoda
6. Mollusca
7. Chordata

Question 10

Give 4 recognition features of Porifera and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 10

• no clear symmetry
• attached to a surface
• pores through body
• no mouth or anus

sponge

Question 11

Give 4 recognition features of Cnidaria and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 11

• radially symmetric
• tentacles
• stinging cells
• mouth but no anus

jellyfish

Question 12

Give 4 recognition features of Platyhelminths and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 12

• bilaterally symmetric
• flat bodies
• unsegmented
• mouth but no anus

flatworm

Question 13

Give 4 recognition features of Annelida and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 13

• bilaterally symmetric
• bristles often present
• segmented
• mouth and anus

earthworm

Question 14

Give 4 recognition features of Arthropoda and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 14

• bilaterally symmetric
• exoskeleton
• segmented
• jointed appendages

scorpion

Question 15

Give 4 recognition features of Mollusca and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 15

• muscular foot and mantle
• shell usually present
• segmentation not visible
• mouth and anus

snail

Question 16

Give 4 recognition features of Chordata and an example organism.

(you don’t have to know the example it just helps remember the features)

Answer 16

• notochord
• dorsal nerve cord
• pharyngeal gill
• post-anal tail

tiger shark

Question 17

What do almost all chordates have?

Answer 17

a backbone consisting of vertebrae

Question 18

How can almost all vertebrate possessing chordata be described? What is the exception?

Answer 18

• as tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs, though in some species the limbs have become modified or lost through evolution
• fish ( they don’t have the above)

Question 19

Name the 5 major classes of vertebrate.

Answer 19

1. Bony ray-finned fish
2. Amphibians
3. Reptiles
4. Birds
5. Mammals

Question 20

Give 5 recognition features of Bony ray-finned fish.

Answer 20

• scales grow from the skin
• gills with a single gill slit
• fins supported by rays
• swim bladder for bouyancy
• external fertilization

Question 21

Give 5 recognition features of Amphibians.

Answer 21

• soft moist permeable skin
• lungs with small internal folds
• external fertilization in water
• protective gel around eggs
• larval stage lives in water

Question 22

Give 5 recognition features of Reptiles.

Answer 22

• dry scaly impermeable skin
• lungs with extensive folding
• internal fertilization
• soft shells around eggs
• one type of teeth

Question 23

Give 5 recognition features of Birds.

Answer 23

• feathers growing from skin
• lungs with parabronchial tubes
• wings instead of front legs
• hard shells around the eggs
• beak but no teeth

Question 24

Give 5 recognition features of Mammals.

Answer 24

• hairs growing from the skin
• lungs with alveoli
• give birth to live young
• mammary glands secrete milk
• teeth of different types