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Biology > 5 - Cells > Flashcards

5 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of cell membrane?

A 
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
Controls the entry and exit of materials
Non-polar molecules can diffuse through
Polar molecules move through using channel or carrier proteins
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2
Q

Structure of nucleus?

A

Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores - gaps in the nucleus
Chromatin inside - where the DNA is kept
Nucleolus - Dark parts of chromatin - makes ribosomes

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3
Q

Structure of mitochondrion?

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Double membrane
Inner membrane folded into Cristae
The space inside the mitochondria is called the Matrix

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4
Q

Structure of Chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis
Third membrane called thylakoid
Space inside chloroplast is called stroma
contains Circular Granum and Starch Grains

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5
Q

Use of Golgi Apparatus?

A

Transport proteins from the RER and SER to the cell membrane
Modification and packaging of proteins takes place
Made of flattened sacs filled with fluid

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6
Q

Use of lysosomes?

A

Contain digestive enzymes to break down unwanted chemicals, cells, toxins, etc.

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7
Q

Use of Ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Use of RER and SER

A

RER - Protein synthesis on ribosomes

SER - Lipid synthesis

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9
Q

Structure of cell wall?

A

Made of strong cellulose fibres
Outside of cell wall called middle-lamella
Gaps between cell walls called plasmodesmata

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10
Q

Structure of vacuole?

A

Have a central vacuole
Contain cell sap
Membrane called tonoplast

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11
Q

Structure of prokaryotic cells?

A

No nucleus - DNA present in nucleus
Most are unicellular (single cell)
Have ribosomes - similarity to Eukaryotic cells
Circular cells called plasmids that contain more genetic information
Cell wall not made of cellulose or chitin but from murein
Extra layer outside of cell wall called capsule
Flagellum

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12
Q

Virus structure

A

Surrounded by protein coat called capsid
Said to be acellular - not made of cells
According to cell theory they are not living
Contain genetic material inside that floats
Have attached proteins on the outside
Viruses are extremely small

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13
Q

Virus replication

A

Invade cell
protein molecules on capsid attach to membranes
Genetic material hijaks the machinery of cell
Cell copies viruses DNA
Creates new viruses
Virsuses burst out of cell, destroying it

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14
Q

Magnification formula?

A

M = Image/ Actual

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15
Q

Optical microscope?

A 
Objective lens at bottom
Eyepiece lens at top
Condenser lens underneath
Limited resolving power due to the wavelength of light (resolving power limited to half the wavelength of light, most powerful at 0.2um)
Magnification x1500
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16
Q

What is resolving power?

A

The ability to distinguish between two objects

17
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image is than the actual object

18
Q

Electron microscope?

A

Specimens stained with heavy metals
Does not let electrons through
In vacuum (electrons can only pass through air for a little distance)
Electron gun at top
electromagnet lens focuses electrons onto specimen
objective lens underneath specimen, goes to projector lens
Goes to fluorescent screen
Image black and white
Resolving power: 0.0002um due to electron wavelength being very small
Magnification: x1,500,000
Specimens are dead (in vacuum) however and are cut thin

19
Q

Differences between TEMs and SEMs?

A 
TEMs
- High resolution images
- Shows internal parts of organelles
- Only used on thin specimens
SEMs
- Show the surface and can be 3D
- Lower resolution images
- Can be used on thick specimens
20
Q

What can occur in the preparation of any electron microscopy?

A

Artefacts, images that are not there in real life

21
Q

Cell fractionation and centrifugation?

A

Separating the parts and organelles in a cell so that they can be studied closely

22
Q

Process of differential centrifugation?

A
  1. Use homogeniser to break open cell membrane/wall
  2. Buffer solution to keep pH the same and prevent enzyme or protein denaturing
  3. Add isotonic solution (same water potential as cell) to keep the osmotic movement the same so cells do not burst or shrink
  4. Filter to remove debris such as the broken cell wall
  5. Centrifugation: homogenate is centrifuged at different speeds to operate organelles based on their size/density, largest first.
    Pellet of organelle will remain at bottom whilst supernatant will be at top after spinning
23
Q

Examples of density of organelles?

A

Very dense Nucleus
Chloroplasts/mitochondria
Golgi, lysosomes, RER
Lease dense Ribosomes

24
Q

Cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
Cytokinesis

25
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

G1 - Cell increases in size and mass, organelle and protein synthesis
S - DNA replication, Increased respiration
G2 - Protein synthsesis

26
Q

Process of mitosis?

A

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, chromatids held by centromere and nuclear membrane breaks down
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at centre of cell, spindle fibres attach at the centromeres
Anaphase: Chromatids separated to opposite poles of cell, Spindle fibres contracts
Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil, new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes
Cytokinesis: Cellular division and two genetically identical daughter cells are produced with full set of chromosomes

27
Q

Importance of mitosis?

A

Growth
Replace and repair cells
Forms genetically identical cells
Asexual reproduction

28
Q

Cancer due to cell cycle

A

Mutations in DNA can occur through additions, deletions or subsititutions
Uncontrolled cell division leads to growth of tumour

29
Q

Cell division in prokaryotes?

A

Do not have chromosomes so divide by binary fission
Circular DNA and any plasmids replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell
Main DNA loop is only replicated once
The cell splits and forms two daughter cells with identical genetic information
Plasmids may not divide equally however

30
Q

Calculating time taken for each stage for mitosis

A

Proportion of cells in that phase x how long the cell cycle lasts in minutes

31
Q

Root tip observation of cells experiment

A

Cut 1cm from the tip of a growing root (tip where mitosis occurs)
Prepare a boiling tube containing 1 M hydrochloric acid and put it in a water bath at 60 C
Transfer the root tip in to a boiling tube and leave for 5 mins
Use a pippete to rinse the root tip with cold water and dry on paper towel
Cut 2mm of the very tip and place on microscope slide
Use a mounted needle to break the tip open and spread the cells out thinly
Add a few drops of stain (toluidine blue O)
Place a cover slip over, push down firmly, don’t smear
Can view through optical microscope

32
Q

Mitotic Index

A

Number of cells with visible chromosomes / total number of cells observed

33
Q

Calculating size of cells

A

Line up eyepiece graticule and the stage micrometer
Each division on the stage micrometer is 0.1mm long
At this magnification, 1 division on the stage micrometer is the same as 4.5 divisions on the eyepiece graticule
Therefor 1 division on the eyepiece graticule is 0.22 mm
Find how many eyepiece divisions and use this number

34
Q

How to prepare slides?

A

Pipette small drop of water onto slide
Tweezers to place small thin specimen on top of water
Add a stain
Add cover slip

Biology (24 decks)

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