5: cell membrane

Question 1

plasma membrane consits of

Answer 1

phospholipids, cholestrol and proteins

Phospholipids are the basic structure of the membrane, cholesterol is inserted between

Question 2

lipid bilayer

Answer 2

polar head and non polar tail

Question 3

integral protein

Answer 3

pore channels or carriers

Question 4

3 passive transport

Answer 4

diffusion through lipid
diffusion through ion channel
diffusion using carrier

Question 5

diffusion through lipid bilayer

Answer 5

lipid soluble substances
driving force for transport

Question 6

diffusion across lipid layer

Answer 6

water-soluble substances (ions, amino acis, sugar, water)

small ions and water-> channels
sugar and amino acids -> facilitated diffusion

electrochemical gradient

Question 7

facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

solute binds to the transporter on one side of the membrane and is realised on the other side

Question 8

gated diffusion

Answer 8

some proteins are ion channels
electrochemical gradient driving force
ion channels are continuously open while some are open transiently
much faster than facilitated diffusion

Question 9

active transport

Answer 9

requires energy-moving solutes against a concentration gradient

primary = energy directly from ATP
secondary = energy delivered indirectly from ATP

Question 10

primary active transport

Answer 10

sodium and potassium pump

inside the cell there’s a low conc of Na+ ions and outside too much K+ ions

the pump then puts 3 Na+ from outside to inside and 2 K+ from inside to outside

Question 11

secondary active transport

Answer 11

deriving other substances against their own concentration gradient

sodium ion gated, plasma membrane

Question 12

exocytosis

Answer 12

movement of large molecules outside the cell (secretory cells)

1. secretory vesicle moved down towards the plasma membrane
2. secretory vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
3. secretory vesicle content is released into the extracellular fluid

Question 13

endocytosis

Answer 13

moving larger molecules and particles into the cell

1. receptor molecules on cell surface bind to molecules to be taken into the cell
2. receptors and the bound molecules taken into cell forming vesicle
3. vesicle fuses and separates from plasma membrane

Question 14

pinocytosis

Answer 14

emulsifying small particles and fluid

Question 15

phagocytosis

Answer 15

emulsifying large particless

Question 16

osmosis

Answer 16

movement of water molecules from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration
across semi permeable membrane
water moves to solution with highest osmotic pressure

Question 17

tonicity

Answer 17

solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering water content

Question 18

isotonic solution

Answer 18

no net movement, cell miantain shape

Question 19

hypotonic solution

Answer 19

cells gain water
swelling or bursting

Question 20

hypertonic solution

Answer 20

cells loose water
becoming dehydrated and shrink

Question 21

metabolism

Answer 21

all chemical reactions in body

Question 22

catabolism

Answer 22

chemical reactions break complex organic molecules

Question 23

anabolism

Answer 23

chemical reactions build up simple molecules in complex molecules

Question 24

atp uses

Answer 24

muscle contraction, active transport, movement of structure within cell

Question 25

energy generation

Answer 25

1. large molecules broken down into smaller units
   proteins -> peptides and amino acids
   fats -> glyceral and fatty acids
2. smaller units degerated to a few simple key coumpinfs playing central role in metabolism
3. krebs cyrcle or oxidative phosphorylation

Question 26

glucose catabolised in 3 ways

Answer 26

krebs cycle
glycolysis
electron trasnport support chain
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 27

cellular respiration the two types

Answer 27

anaerobic
-> atp production without o2
glycolysis

aerobic
-> atp production with O2
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

4 steps

Answer 28

1. glycolysis
2. formation of acetly CoA
3. Krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain

Question 29

glycolysis final product

Answer 29

2 pyruvic acid molecules
2NADH + H+ moleculesa
2 ATP molecules

If o2 avaliable: pyvloric acid prepares for krebs cycle in mitocondira

if no o2 PA accepts H2 from NADH2 forming lactic acid, diffusion out of the cell into bloodstream then liver cells remove lactic acid from the blood changing back to pyruvic acid

Question 30

krebs cycle

Answer 30

pyloric acid enter mitochondria and undergoes decarboxylation removing CO2
2 acetyl group attach to coenzyme A
occurring in matrix of mitocondria
H+ -> sent to electron transport chain
NADH2 and FADH2 -> converted into energy

Question 31

reaction occurring in matric of mitocondira

Answer 31

acetyl CoA eneter cycel combining with 4C to form citric acid

formation of citric acid

Question 32

sum of krebs cycle

Answer 32

aceytl coA molecule enter krebs cycle forming
2 CO2
1 ATP
3 NADH2
1 FADH2

1 glucose 2 acetly coA molecules

Question 33

electron transport chain

Answer 33

integral membrane proteins form a chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane

cytochrome picks up 1 electron passing onto next chain
small amounts of energy release in form at ATP