4: breathing Flashcards
functions
respiratory
blood pH regulation
olfaction
sound production
protection
conchae and mucosal
increasing nasal cavity surface, creating more turbulent airflow and increasing the likelihood the air touching the mucus membrane of the nasal cavity
hair
filters the inhaled air for coarse substances
cilia
finger-like projections, creating a beating like movement, moving the contaminated music towards the throat so it can be swallowed
lysosome
kills bacteria
rich capillary network
maintaining the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air
olfaction
epithelium containing olfactory receptors
order of breathing
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx -> posterior to nasal cavity
oropharynx -> posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx -> posterior to larynx
how many cartridges are in the larynx
9
unpaired
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
larynx function
maintaining open passage way for air movement
directing food into the oesophagus away form the respiratory tract
traps debris from entering lungs
trachea to oesophagus
anterior
how long and diameter
10 to 12, 2cm diameter
what is trachea
tough
flexible membraneous tube
dense regular connective tissue
smooth muscle tissue
how many c C-shaped
15 to 10 hyaline cartilage rings with smooth muscle in between
what does Cartilidge do
keeping the airways open
trachealis
muscle facilitates ease of peristaltic movement in the esophagus
contractions of trachealis music causes greater expired air to rush out with greater force
sensitive nature can trigger coughing
the trend from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles
decrease in passage diameter
decrease in cartilidge
increase in smooth muscle
changes in epithelium
pseudostratified columnar to simple squamous epithelium
alveoli
small bag, richly supplied by blood capillaries
location of lungs (cavity)
thoracic cavity
right lung (lobes and fissures)
3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
2 fissures (oblique and horizontal)
left lung (lobes and fissures)
2 lobes (superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)
hilum
on the medical surface, entry and exit points of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and bronchi
branching order
Primary (main)
Secondary (lobar) -> supply lobes
Territory (segmental) -> supply bronchopulmonary segments
Terminal bronchi supply lobule
stratified squamous epithelium
oropharynx
vestibule
laryngopharynx
alveoli
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
trachea
type 1 phenomocyctes
simple squamous epithelium
site of gas exchange
type 2 phenomocyctes
simple cubodial cells
secreting alevolar fluid and surfactant
dust cells
alveolar macrophages, removing fine dust and debris from alveolar sacs
about alveoli and type
alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange
diffusion
layers
alveolar epithelium
fused alveolar and capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium
thickness of membrane
thinner membrane increases rate of movement of gas
surface area
higher surface area increases volume gas exchange
partial pressure
gas moves with higher higher-pressure side to lower pressure side
moist walls
gasses disolve in fluid helping them diffuse
O2 movement
alveoli -> blood -> tissue
CO2 movement
tissue -> blood-> alveoli
pulmonary ventilation
preventing build-up of CO2 in the blood, supplying O2 to the tissues
external respiration
gas exchange between alveolar air spaces and capillaries
the movement is deepened on the partial pressure of the gasses CO2 and O2
moving from a high pressure to a low
inspire
diaphragm contracts, moving inferiorly and flattens
external intercostal muscle contracts
elevating sternum and rib cage
lung volume increases
Intra-alveolar pressure decreases
air rushes to equalise pressure
expire
diaphragm relaxes, moving superiorly forming a dome shape
the external intercostal muscle relaxes
decompressed sternum and ribcage
lung volume decreases
intra alveolar pressure increases
air rushes out
tidal volume
total air that can be inspired or expired with each breath
inspiration reserve volume
amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the inspiration of tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be expired forcefully after the expiration of tidal volume
residual volume
the volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after forceful expiration
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
respiratory rate
number of breaths taken per minute
minute ventilation
the total amount of ait moving in and out of the respiratory system each minute
tidal volume x respiratory rate
total lung capacity
inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
anatomic dead space
space from nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, tranche, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
alveolar ventilation
volume of air available for gas exchange per minute
forced vital capacity
maximum volume of air that can forcefully be expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
the volume of air expired in the first second of the test
forced expiratory volume 1%
FEV 1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC
dynamic
lung volume measure in relation to time
dependant on flow of air
usually determined during repetitive breathing
essential for diagnosis obstructive lung disease
static
independent rate of air flow
deperemined during 1 maximal inspiration and/or expiration
obstructive
FVC=normal
FEV 1 sec «< normal
FEV 1% «< normal
- obstructive airway
lung volume normal and airways narrower
eg.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
asthma
bronchitis
restrictive
FVC «< normal
FEV sec < normal
FEV 1% = normal
FVC restricted airway
overall lung volume decreases
eg
pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
emphysema
ventilation increases abruptly
- the onset of exercise
movement of limbs has a strong influence
ventilation increases gradually exercise adptation
slight increase in vital capacity
slight decrease in residual volume
at maximal exercise tidal volume and minute ventilation increases
