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Human structure + function > 4: breathing > Flashcards

4: breathing Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A

respiratory
blood pH regulation
olfaction
sound production
protection

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2
Q

conchae and mucosal

A

increasing nasal cavity surface, creating more turbulent airflow and increasing the likelihood the air touching the mucus membrane of the nasal cavity

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3
Q

hair

A

filters the inhaled air for coarse substances

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4
Q

cilia

A

finger-like projections, creating a beating like movement, moving the contaminated music towards the throat so it can be swallowed

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5
Q

lysosome

A

kills bacteria

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6
Q

rich capillary network

A

maintaining the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air

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7
Q

olfaction

A

epithelium containing olfactory receptors

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8
Q

order of breathing

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
  6. secondary bronchi
  7. tertiary bronchi
  8. bronchioles
  9. terminal bronchioles
  10. respiratory bronchioles
  11. alveoli
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9
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx -> posterior to nasal cavity
oropharynx -> posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx -> posterior to larynx

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10
Q

how many cartridges are in the larynx

A

9

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11
Q

unpaired

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis

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12
Q

larynx function

A

maintaining open passage way for air movement
directing food into the oesophagus away form the respiratory tract
traps debris from entering lungs

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13
Q

trachea to oesophagus

A

anterior

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14
Q

how long and diameter

A

10 to 12, 2cm diameter

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15
Q

what is trachea

A

tough
flexible membraneous tube
dense regular connective tissue
smooth muscle tissue

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16
Q

how many c C-shaped

A

15 to 10 hyaline cartilage rings with smooth muscle in between

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17
Q

what does Cartilidge do

A

keeping the airways open

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18
Q

trachealis

A

muscle facilitates ease of peristaltic movement in the esophagus
contractions of trachealis music causes greater expired air to rush out with greater force
sensitive nature can trigger coughing

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19
Q

the trend from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles

A

decrease in passage diameter
decrease in cartilidge
increase in smooth muscle
changes in epithelium
pseudostratified columnar to simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

alveoli

A

small bag, richly supplied by blood capillaries

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21
Q

location of lungs (cavity)

A

thoracic cavity

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22
Q

right lung (lobes and fissures)

A

3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
2 fissures (oblique and horizontal)

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23
Q

left lung (lobes and fissures)

A

2 lobes (superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)

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24
Q

hilum

A

on the medical surface, entry and exit points of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and bronchi

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25
Q

branching order

A

Primary (main)
Secondary (lobar) -> supply lobes
Territory (segmental) -> supply bronchopulmonary segments
Terminal bronchi supply lobule

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26
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

oropharynx
vestibule
laryngopharynx
alveoli

27
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

nasal cavity
nasopharynx
trachea

28
Q

type 1 phenomocyctes

A

simple squamous epithelium
site of gas exchange

29
Q

type 2 phenomocyctes

A

simple cubodial cells
secreting alevolar fluid and surfactant

30
Q

dust cells

A

alveolar macrophages, removing fine dust and debris from alveolar sacs

31
Q

about alveoli and type

A

alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange
diffusion

32
Q

layers

A

alveolar epithelium
fused alveolar and capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium

33
Q

thickness of membrane

A

thinner membrane increases rate of movement of gas

34
Q

surface area

A

higher surface area increases volume gas exchange

35
Q

partial pressure

A

gas moves with higher higher-pressure side to lower pressure side

36
Q

moist walls

A

gasses disolve in fluid helping them diffuse

37
Q

O2 movement

A

alveoli -> blood -> tissue

38
Q

CO2 movement

A

tissue -> blood-> alveoli

39
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

preventing build-up of CO2 in the blood, supplying O2 to the tissues

40
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between alveolar air spaces and capillaries
the movement is deepened on the partial pressure of the gasses CO2 and O2
moving from a high pressure to a low

41
Q

inspire

A

diaphragm contracts, moving inferiorly and flattens
external intercostal muscle contracts
elevating sternum and rib cage

lung volume increases
Intra-alveolar pressure decreases
air rushes to equalise pressure

42
Q

expire

A

diaphragm relaxes, moving superiorly forming a dome shape
the external intercostal muscle relaxes
decompressed sternum and ribcage

lung volume decreases
intra alveolar pressure increases
air rushes out

43
Q

tidal volume

A

total air that can be inspired or expired with each breath

44
Q

inspiration reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the inspiration of tidal volume

45
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be expired forcefully after the expiration of tidal volume

46
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after forceful expiration

47
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

48
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

49
Q

vital capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

50
Q

respiratory rate

A

number of breaths taken per minute

51
Q

minute ventilation

A

the total amount of ait moving in and out of the respiratory system each minute

tidal volume x respiratory rate

52
Q

total lung capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

53
Q

anatomic dead space

A

space from nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, tranche, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

54
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

55
Q

forced vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can forcefully be expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in

56
Q

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

A

the volume of air expired in the first second of the test

57
Q

forced expiratory volume 1%

A

FEV 1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC

58
Q

dynamic

A

lung volume measure in relation to time
dependant on flow of air
usually determined during repetitive breathing
essential for diagnosis obstructive lung disease

59
Q

static

A

independent rate of air flow
deperemined during 1 maximal inspiration and/or expiration

60
Q

obstructive

A

FVC=normal
FEV 1 sec «< normal
FEV 1% «< normal
- obstructive airway
lung volume normal and airways narrower

eg.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
asthma
bronchitis

61
Q

restrictive

A

FVC «< normal
FEV sec < normal
FEV 1% = normal

FVC restricted airway
overall lung volume decreases

eg
pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
emphysema

62
Q

ventilation increases abruptly

A
  • the onset of exercise
    movement of limbs has a strong influence
63
Q

ventilation increases gradually exercise adptation

A

slight increase in vital capacity
slight decrease in residual volume
at maximal exercise tidal volume and minute ventilation increases

Human structure + function (5 decks)

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