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BIO S102 > 5 - CardioRespiratory Physiology > Flashcards

5 - CardioRespiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

Transportation, Regulation, Protection

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2
Q

What are the main cellular components of blood

A

Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), Platelets

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3
Q

What does plasma transport

A

Water, glucose, amino acids, salts, urea

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4
Q

What anatomical structures protect the heart

A

Thoracic cage, fibrous and serous pericardium, sternum and ribs, fatty tissues

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5
Q

What physiological mechanisms protect the heart

A

Pericardial fluid (reduces friction), Autonomic Nervous System (regulates heart rate and blood pressure)

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6
Q

How does the heart defend against infections

A

WBCs and antibodies, inflammatory response, endothelial barrier, clotting mechanisms

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7
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

Muscle, lungs, CNS, retina, mammary glands

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8
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

Kidneys, pancreas, gall bladder, intestines

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9
Q

What happens during the upstroke phase of a cardiac action potential

A

Fast Na+ channels open, rapid Na+ influx (-90mV → +30mV)

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10
Q

What happens during the notch (initial repolarisation)

A

Na+ channels close, slight drop due to K+ efflux

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11
Q

What happens during the plateau phase

A

Ca²⁺ channels open, Ca²⁺ influx balances K⁺ efflux (sustained depolarisation)

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12
Q

What happens during repolarisation

A

Ca²⁺ channels close, K⁺ efflux returns membrane potential to -90mV

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13
Q

What maintains the resting membrane potential in cardiac cells

A

Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump and K⁺ leak channels

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14
Q

How do valves maintain one-way blood flow

A

Fibrous tissue folds create passive, unidirectional flow due to pressure differences

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15
Q

How is myocardial musculature arranged in the atria and ventricles

A

Atria – figure of 8 pattern

Ventricles – spiral bands interconnected to septum

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16
Q

When does the cardiac cycle begin and end

A

Begins with atrial contraction and ends with ventricular relaxation

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17
Q

Atrial systole
1. Chambers
2. Ventricular pressure
3. Valves

A
  1. Atria contract / Ventricles relax
  2. < Atrial pressure / < Arterial trunk pressure
  3. AV open / SL closed
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18
Q

Early ventricular systole
1. Chambers
2. Ventricular pressure
3. Valves

A
  1. Atria relax / Ventricles contract
  2. > Atrial pressure / < Arterial trunk pressure
  3. AV closed / SL closed
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19
Q

Late ventricular systole
1. Chambers
2. Ventricular pressure
3. Valves

A
  1. Atria relax / Ventricles contract
  2. > Atrial pressure / > Arterial trunk pressure
  3. AV closed / SL open
20
Q

Early ventricular diastole
1. Chambers
2. Ventricular pressure
3. Valves

A
  1. Atria relax / Ventricles relax
  2. > Atrial pressure / < Arterial trunk pressure
  3. AV closed / SL closed
21
Q

Late ventricular diastole
1. Chambers
2. Ventricular pressure
3. Valves

A
  1. Atria relax / Ventricles relax
  2. < Atrial pressure / < Arterial trunk pressure
  3. AV open / SL closed
22
Q

What is preload

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

23
Q

When is preload increased

A

Hypervolaemia, valve regurgitation, heart failure

24
Q

What is afterload

A

Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

25
What increases afterload
Hypertension, vasoconstriction – leads to increased cardiac workload
26
What is the pathway of cardiac conduction
1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node – atria contract 2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node – delays signal 3. Bundle of His 4. Purkinje Fibres – ventricles contract
27
Where is cardiovascular control regulated in the brain
Medulla Oblongata
28
How does the ANS affect heart function
Balances sympathetic and parasympathetic input based on activity/exercise
29
What are the 4 types of nerve endings involved in heart control
1. Baroreceptors – detect pressure (aortic arch, carotid sinus) 2. Stretch receptors – in muscles and tendons 3. Chemoreceptors – detect O₂, CO₂, pH (aortic arch, carotid sinus) 4. Thermoreceptors – in organs
30
What does a normal ECG indicate
A sinus rhythm – proper functioning of the SA node and orderly cardiac conduction
31
What is the duration of skeletal vs cardiac muscle contractions
Skeletal: 2–5 ms Cardiac: 200–400 ms
32
How does skeletal muscle respond to rapid, repetitive stimulation
Contractions can fuse, resulting in a long, smooth sustained contraction
33
What type of contractions does cardiac muscle produce
Brief twitches due to a long refractory period
34
Are skeletal muscle cells electrically connected
No – cells are electrically isolated, so one may contract while its neighbour doesn’t
35
Is cardiac muscle electrically isolated like skeletal muscle
No – cardiac muscle is self-exciting and contracts as a unit, though it is modulated by external nerves
36
What does the Wiggers Plot show
The Wiggers Plot illustrates the events of the cardiac cycle, including electrical activity (ECG), heart sounds, pressure changes, volume changes, and valve actions
37
What are the 5 main phases shown on the Wiggers Plot
Atrial Systole Isovolumetric Contraction Ventricular Ejection Isovolumetric Relaxation Ventricular Filling
38
What happens during atrial systole
Atria contract, topping up ventricular volume (small increase in pressure and volume)
39
What happens during isovolumetric contraction
Ventricles contract All valves closed Rapid rise in ventricular pressure No volume change S1 heart sound (AV valves closing)
40
What happens during ventricular ejection
Ventricular pressure > aortic/pulmonary pressure Semilunar valves open Blood ejected Ventricular volume decreases Aortic pressure rises
41
What happens during isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricles relax All valves closed Pressure drops rapidly No volume change S2 heart sound (Semilunar valves closing)
42
What happens during ventricular filling
AV valves open Blood flows from atria to ventricles Rapid filling followed by slower passive filling Ventricular volume increases
43
What ECG events correspond to the cardiac cycle phases
P wave → Atrial systole QRS complex → Ventricular depolarisation → Isovolumetric contraction T wave → Ventricular repolarisation → Isovolumetric relaxation
44
What causes the first heart sound (S1)
Closure of AV valves at the start of ventricular systole
45
What causes the second heart sound (S2)
Closure of semilunar valves at the start of diastole
46
When do the AV valves open and close
Close at start of isovolumetric contraction (S1) Open at start of ventricular filling
47
When do the semilunar valves open and close
Open at start of ventricular ejection Close at start of isovolumetric relaxation (S2)

BIO S102 (36 decks)

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