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BIOC2600 > 5 ATP > Flashcards

5 ATP Flashcards

1
Q

How can more energy (ATP) be provided after glycolysis?

A

citric cycle (kreb cycle) and ETC

only a small amount of energy available in glucose is captured in glycolysis

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2
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine 5’-triphosphate
  • nucleic acid
  • building block of RNA
  • the most commonly used energy currency
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3
Q

What kind of rxn is ATP hydrolysis? (exergonic or endogonic)

A

exergonic

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4
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

rxns that release energy

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5
Q

Would hydrolysing ATP into AMP or ADP release mroe energy?

A

if hydrolyse both = AMP will release more energy but not commonly used, perhaps has evolutionary reason

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6
Q

What is the cycle involving ATP that is the fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems?

A

ATP-ADP cycle

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7
Q

what do endergonic reactions do? example?

A

absorb energy

transferring a phosphate from ATP to glucose
used in glycolysis

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8
Q

What is an example of rxn coupling and what is coupled?

A

Glucose + ATP -> G6P + ADP
glucose -> G6P (endergonic)
ATP -> ADP + Pi (exergonic)

a thermodynamically unfavourable rxn can be driven by being coupled to a thermodynamically favourable one

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9
Q

Are ATP and ADP at equilibrium?

A

no
far from equilibrium for hydrolysis rxn

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10
Q

What happens when ATP level drops?

A
  • the amount of fuel decreases
  • the fuel loses its potency i.e. phosphorylation potential is diminished

phosphorylation potential = the ability to transfer a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule, like ATP (adenosine triphosphate), to another molecule.
basically using the hydrolyzing the ATP

less ATP = less hydrolyzing activity of it

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11
Q

What do living cells have to maintain high concentrations of ATP?

A

development mechanisms

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12
Q

What compounds can help form ATP from ADP?

A

compounds that have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP

can transfer their phosphoryl group to ADP = ATP

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13
Q

What 2 components in glycolysis have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP?

A
  • phosphoenolpyruvate
  • 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate

therefore these compounds can transfer their phosphoryl group to ADP

phase 2
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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle (kreb cycle) and ETC occur?

A

both in mitochondria
citric cycle = in the mitochondrial matrix
* except succinate dehydrogenase, which is located in the inner membrane

ETC = inner membrane

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16
Q

What does the double membrane of mitochondria lead to?

A

4 distinct compartments
* outer membrane
* intermembrane space (IMS)
* inner membrane
* matrix

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17
Q

What kind of environment is it in intermembrane space (IMS)?

A
  • simlar environment to cytosol
  • higher proton concentration (lower pH compared to the matrix)
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18
Q

What is located on the inner membrane? how do they increase their SA?

A
  • location of ETC complexes
  • convolutions called cristae serve to increase the surface area
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19
Q

What processes goes on in the matrix?

A

location of the citric acid cycle and parts of lipid and AA metabolism

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20
Q

Which has lower pH (higher proton conc): IMS or matrix?

A

IMS

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21
Q

What is the permeability of outer membrane and inner membrane?

A

outer: relatively porous; allows passage of metabolites
inner: relatively impermeable, has proton gradient across it

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22
Q

How is pyruvate transported to the matrix?

A

pyruvate generated in cytosol

transported to mitochondrial matrix by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier

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23
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in the matrix? by what enzyme?

A

acetyl coA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

1 NADH is generated in the process

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24
Q

What enters the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-coA
from pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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25
Q

How many steps does one round of citric acid cycle involve?

A

8

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26
Q

What compounds are all channeled to the citric acid cycle?

A

compounds derived from the breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins
to be oxidised to CO2 and water etc

27
Q

Are the intermediates of this cycle used up?

A

the pathway is cyclic so they are not used up

for each oxaloacetate used (step 1), one is produced (step 8)

28
Q

How many ATP/GTP is generated by each acetyl-coA?

A

1
for each acetyl-coA oxidised by the citric acid cycle, 1 ATP/GTP is generated

one cycle = 1 ATP

29
Q

What is GTP?

A

alternate energy currency, first choice is always ATP

30
Q

What type of phosphorylation is ATP generated from glycolysis and citric acid cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation
ATP generated from ADP and transfer of phosphate group from a substrate

31
Q

What is produced from each acetyl coA oxidsed by the TCA cycle?

A

1 FADH2
3 NADH

32
Q

What are FADH2 and NADH?

A

electron carriers that temporarily holds the energy of oxidation

they are dinucleotides

33
Q

What is the relationship of NAD and NADH, NADP and NADPH

A

NAD and NADH (reduced form of NAD)

NADP and NADPH (reduced form of NADP)

NADP - is just NAD with additional phosphate

34
Q

Where are NADPH and NADH produced?

A

NADPH = in the pentose phosphate pathway
NADH = from pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA

35
Q

What do both NADH and FADH2 contain a pair of?

A

each contain a pair of electrons with **high transfer potential*

36
Q

What are the electrons from NADH and FADH2 used for?

A

used to reduce oxygen to water = large amount of energy is liberated

this energy is used to form ATP

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • process in which ATP is formed as a result of electrons from NADH and FADH2 transported to O2 by a series of electron carriers (collectively known as ETC complexes)
38
Q

What does the ETC complexes contain?

A

a series of electron carriers

39
Q

How many ETC complexes are there in ETC?

A

4

40
Q

What are the names of the 4 complexes on the ETC?

A
  1. NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase
  2. Succinate dehydrogenase
  3. Ubiquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase
  4. cytochrome oxidase
41
Q

what is complex I NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase?

A
  • catalyzes the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone
  • also acts as a proton (H+) pump, from matrix (N side) to the intermembrane space (P side)

electrons to ubiquinone and pumps proton to intermembrane space, happen at the same time

42
Q

Whats the role of complex II: succinate dehydrogenase?

A

a single enzyme with dual roles:
* convert succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle
* catalyze the electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone via FADH2

43
Q

What is happening in complex III ubiquinone:cytochrome C oxidoreductase?

A

Carries electrons from reduced ubiquinone from complex I and II to cytochrome C

44
Q

What is happening in complex IV: cytochrome oxidase?

A

completes the sequence by transferring the electons from cytochrome c to O2, reducing O2 to water

dont need to remember formula
45
Q

What is the transfer pathway of electrons in the complexes?

A

Complex I: from NADH to ubiquinone
Complex 2: from succinate to ubiquinone via FADH2
complex 3: reduced ubiquinone carries the electrons to cytochrome c
complex 4: electrons from cytochrome C goes to O2 = makes water

complete 2 convert succinate to fumerate and FADH2 is made in the process and so it carries the electrons to go to ubiquinone

46
Q

What are the 2 paths of electron transport in ETC?

A

For electrons from NADH
* complex 1 -> 3 -> 4

for electrons from FADH2
* complex 2 -> 3 -> 4

47
Q

What is the proton gradient created by?

A

electron transport chain
* flow of electrons from NADH or FADH2 in ETC is highly exergonic (energy releasing)
* this energy released is used to pump H+ out of the matrix (N side) into the intermembrane space (P side)
* = creates a proton gradient

48
Q

Which direction does the ETC complex pump protons?

A

from matrix (N side) to intermembrane space (P side)

makes the intermembrane space more acidic (higher H+)

49
Q

For each pair of electrons transferred to O2, how many protons are pumped out of the complexes?

A

Complex I: 4 protons
Complex II: 4 protons
Complex IV: 2 protons

50
Q

How many protons are pumped out in total by the 2 paths?

A

(NADH) complex I-> IV = 10H+
(FADH2) complex II-> IV 6H+

51
Q

Why is the proton gradient important?

A
  • generates a **proton motive force **to drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
  • protons enter back to matrix via proton-specific channels in F0
  • driven by chemical and electrcial gradient
  • chemical gradient (more alkaline in matrix)
  • electrical gradient (more negative in the matrix)
52
Q

How is ADP and Pi transported into the matrix?

A

ADP from antiporter and Pi from symporter
ADP into matrix, ATP out to IMS

Pi in along with H+

53
Q

What 2 functional units does ATP synthase complex contain?

A

F1 - soluble complex in the matrix
* individually catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (by itself can break ATP, but work tgt with F0 can make can phosphorylate ADP -> ATP)

F0 - integral membrane complex
* transport protons from intermembrane space to matrix, dissipating the proton gradient
* energy transferred to F1 to catalyze phosphorylation of ADP

54
Q

what does proton translocation causes in ATP synthase?

A
  • causes a rotation of F0 subunit in the central shaft y
  • this causes a conformation change within all the 3 αβ pairs in F1
  • the conformational change in one of the 3 pairs promotes condensation of ADP and Pi into ATP
55
Q

What is the amonut of ATP produced by the 2 pathways of ETC?

A

NADH pathway complex 1to 4 -> 2.5 ATP
FADH2 pathway complex 2 to 4 -> 1.5 ATP

56
Q

Summary of electron transport and ATP made (chemical equation)

A
57
Q

What is the differnce between substrate level and oxidiative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative = Any ATP generated from FADH2 or NADH

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation = Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP.

58
Q

What is the number of ATP produced by one NADH or one FADH2

A

1 NADH = 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

59
Q

What is the final yield of ATP from NADH in glycolysis?

A

3 or 5

60
Q

Why is the final yield of ATP from NADH in glycolysis either 3 or 5

A

Glycolysis makes 2 pyruvate 2 NADH and 2 ATP in the cytosol

the NADH cannot directly enter the ETC at complex I
so 2 methods are used to feed the electrons from NADH from cytosol into the mitochondria
the number of ATP generated depends on which pathway is used

61
Q

what are the 2 pathways used to feed 2NADH from cytosol into mitochondria?

A

malate-aspartate shuttle
glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

62
Q

How is the malate-aspartate shuttle used?

A
  • used in liver, kidney and heart for transporting cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix
  • makes 5 ATP out of 2 NADH
63
Q

How is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle used?

A
  • this shuttle operates in the skeletal muscles and brain
  • dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate by accpeting the electrons from NADH
  • this reaction is facilitated by the cytosolic form of glycerol-3-phophate dehydrogenase
  • then the mitochondrial form of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers the electrons from glycerol 3-phosphate and form FADH2
  • and FADH2 brings the electrons to ubiquinone

2NADH are converted to 2FADH
and 1FADH only produces 1.5ATP

BIOC2600 (26 decks)

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