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5 ATP Flashcards

1
Q

How can more energy (ATP) be provided after glycolysis?

A

citric cycle (kreb cycle) and ETC

only a small amount of energy available in glucose is captured in glycolysis

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2
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine 5’-triphosphate
  • nucleic acid
  • building block of RNA
  • the most commonly used energy currency
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3
Q

What kind of rxn is ATP hydrolysis? (exergonic or endogonic)

A

exergonic

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4
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

rxns that release energy

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5
Q

Would hydrolysing ATP into AMP or ADP release mroe energy?

A

if hydrolyse both = AMP will release more energy but not commonly used, perhaps has evolutionary reason

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6
Q

What is the cycle involving ATP that is the fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems?

A

ATP-ADP cycle

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7
Q

what do endergonic reactions do? example?

A

absorb energy

transferring a phosphate from ATP to glucose
used in glycolysis

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8
Q

What is an example of rxn coupling and what is coupled?

A

Glucose + ATP -> G6P + ADP
glucose -> G6P (endergonic)
ATP -> ADP + Pi (exergonic)

a thermodynamically unfavourable rxn can be driven by being coupled to a thermodynamically favourable one

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9
Q

Are ATP and ADP at equilibrium?

A

no
far from equilibrium for hydrolysis rxn

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10
Q

What happens when ATP level drops?

A
  • the amount of fuel decreases
  • the fuel loses its potency i.e. phosphorylation potential is diminished

phosphorylation potential = the ability to transfer a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule, like ATP (adenosine triphosphate), to another molecule.
basically using the hydrolyzing the ATP

less ATP = less hydrolyzing activity of it

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11
Q

What do living cells have to maintain high concentrations of ATP?

A

development mechanisms

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12
Q

What compounds can help form ATP from ADP?

A

compounds that have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP

can transfer their phosphoryl group to ADP = ATP

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13
Q

What 2 components in glycolysis have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP?

A
  • phosphoenolpyruvate
  • 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate

therefore these compounds can transfer their phosphoryl group to ADP

phase 2
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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle (kreb cycle) and ETC occur?

A

both in mitochondria
citric cycle = in the mitochondrial matrix
* except succinate dehydrogenase, which is located in the inner membrane

ETC = inner membrane

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16
Q

What does the double membrane of mitochondria lead to?

A

4 distinct compartments
* outer membrane
* intermembrane space (IMS)
* inner membrane
* matrix

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17
Q

What kind of environment is it in intermembrane space (IMS)?

A
  • simlar environment to cytosol
  • higher proton concentration (lower pH compared to the matrix)
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18
Q

What is located on the inner membrane? how do they increase their SA?

A
  • location of ETC complexes
  • convolutions called cristae serve to increase the surface area
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19
Q

What processes goes on in the matrix?

A

location of the citric acid cycle and parts of lipid and AA metabolism

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20
Q

Which has lower pH (higher proton conc): IMS or matrix?

A

IMS

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21
Q

What is the permeability of outer membrane and inner membrane?

A

outer: relatively porous; allows passage of metabolites
inner: relatively impermeable, has proton gradient across it

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22
Q

How is pyruvate transported to the matrix?

A

pyruvate generated in cytosol

transported to mitochondrial matrix by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier

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23
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in the matrix? by what enzyme?

A

acetyl coA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

1 NADH is generated in the process

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24
Q

What enters the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-coA
from pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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25
How many steps does one round of citric acid cycle involve?
8
26
What compounds are all channeled to the citric acid cycle?
compounds derived from the breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins to be oxidised to CO2 and water etc
27
Are the intermediates of this cycle used up?
the pathway is cyclic so they are not used up for each oxaloacetate used (step 1), one is produced (step 8)
28
How many ATP/GTP is generated by each acetyl-coA?
1 for each acetyl-coA oxidised by the citric acid cycle, 1 ATP/GTP is generated one cycle = 1 ATP
29
What is GTP?
alternate energy currency, first choice is always ATP
30
What type of phosphorylation is ATP generated from glycolysis and citric acid cycle?
**substrate level phosphorylation** ATP generated from ADP and transfer of phosphate group from a substrate
31
What is produced from each acetyl coA oxidsed by the TCA cycle?
1 FADH2 3 NADH
32
What are FADH2 and NADH?
electron carriers that temporarily holds the energy of oxidation they are **dinucleotides**
33
What is the relationship of NAD and NADH, NADP and NADPH
NAD and NADH (reduced form of NAD) NADP and NADPH (reduced form of NADP) NADP - is just NAD with additional phosphate
34
Where are NADPH and NADH produced?
NADPH = in the pentose phosphate pathway NADH = from pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA
35
What do both NADH and FADH2 contain a pair of?
each contain a **pair of electrons** with **high transfer potential*
36
What are the electrons from NADH and FADH2 used for?
used to reduce oxygen to water = large amount of energy is liberated this energy is used to form ATP
37
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
* process in which **ATP** is formed as a result of **electrons from NADH and FADH2** transported to **O2** by a series of electron carriers (collectively known as ETC complexes)
38
What does the ETC complexes contain?
a series of electron carriers
39
How many ETC complexes are there in ETC?
4
40
What are the names of the 4 complexes on the ETC?
1. NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase 2. Succinate dehydrogenase 3. Ubiquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase 4. cytochrome oxidase
41
what is complex I NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase?
* catalyzes the **electron transfer** from **NADH** to **ubiquinone** * also acts as a proton (**H+)** pump, from matrix (N side) to the **intermembrane space** (P side) electrons to ubiquinone and pumps proton to intermembrane space, happen at the same time
42
Whats the role of complex II: succinate dehydrogenase?
a single enzyme with dual roles: * convert succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle * catalyze the electron transfer from **succinate** to **ubiquinone** via **FADH2**
43
What is happening in complex III ubiquinone:cytochrome C oxidoreductase?
Carries electrons from reduced ubiquinone from complex I and II to cytochrome C
44
What is happening in complex IV: cytochrome oxidase?
completes the sequence by transferring the electons from cytochrome c to O2, reducing O2 to water
45
What is the transfer pathway of electrons in the complexes?
Complex I: from NADH to ubiquinone Complex 2: from succinate to ubiquinone via FADH2 complex 3: reduced ubiquinone carries the electrons to cytochrome c complex 4: electrons from cytochrome C goes to O2 = makes water ## Footnote complete 2 convert succinate to fumerate and FADH2 is made in the process and so it carries the electrons to go to ubiquinone
46
What are the 2 paths of electron transport in ETC?
For electrons from NADH * complex 1 -> 3 -> 4 for electrons from FADH2 * complex 2 -> 3 -> 4
47
What is the proton gradient created by?
electron transport chain * flow of electrons from NADH or FADH2 in ETC is highly **exergonic** (energy releasing) * this energy released is used to pump H+ out of the matrix (N side) into the intermembrane space (P side) * = creates a proton gradient
48
Which direction does the ETC complex pump protons?
from matrix (N side) to intermembrane space (P side) makes the intermembrane space more acidic (higher H+)
49
For each pair of electrons transferred to O2, how many protons are pumped out of the complexes?
Complex I: 4 protons Complex II: 4 protons Complex IV: 2 protons
50
How many protons are pumped out in total by the 2 paths?
(NADH) complex I-> IV = 10H+ (FADH2) complex II-> IV 6H+
51
Why is the proton gradient important?
* generates a **proton motive force **to drive ATP synthesis by **ATP synthase** * protons enter back to matrix via **proton-specific channels in F0** * driven by **chemical and electrcial gradient** * chemical gradient (more **alkaline** in matrix) * electrical gradient (more **negative** in the matrix)
52
How is ADP and Pi transported into the matrix?
**ADP from antiporter** and **Pi from symporter** ADP into matrix, ATP out to IMS Pi in along with H+
53
What 2 functional units does ATP synthase complex contain?
F1 - soluble complex in the matrix * individually catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (by itself can break ATP, but work tgt with F0 can make can phosphorylate ADP -> ATP) F0 - integral membrane complex * transport protons from intermembrane space to matrix, dissipating the proton gradient * energy transferred to F1 to catalyze phosphorylation of ADP
54
what does proton translocation causes in ATP synthase?
* causes a rotation of F0 subunit in the central shaft y * this causes a conformation change within all the 3 αβ pairs in F1 * the conformational change in one of the 3 pairs promotes condensation of ADP and Pi into ATP
55
What is the amonut of ATP produced by the 2 pathways of ETC?
NADH pathway complex 1to 4 -> 2.5 ATP FADH2 pathway complex 2 to 4 -> 1.5 ATP
56
Summary of electron transport and ATP made (chemical equation)
57
What is the differnce between substrate level and oxidiative phosphorylation?
Oxidative = Any ATP generated from FADH2 or NADH Substrate-Level Phosphorylation = Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP.
58
What is the number of ATP produced by one NADH or one FADH2
1 NADH = 2.5 ATP 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP
59
What is the final yield of ATP from NADH in glycolysis?
3 or 5
60
Why is the final yield of ATP from NADH in glycolysis either 3 or 5
Glycolysis makes 2 pyruvate 2 NADH and 2 ATP in the cytosol the NADH cannot directly enter the ETC at complex I so 2 methods are used to feed the electrons from NADH from cytosol into the mitochondria **the number of ATP generated depends on which pathway is used**
61
what are the 2 pathways used to feed 2NADH from cytosol into mitochondria?
malate-aspartate shuttle glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
62
How is the malate-aspartate shuttle used?
* used in liver, kidney and heart for transporting cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix * makes 5 ATP out of 2 NADH
63
How is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle used?
* this shuttle operates in the skeletal muscles and brain * dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate by accpeting the electrons from NADH * this reaction is facilitated by the cytosolic form of glycerol-3-phophate dehydrogenase * then the mitochondrial form of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers the electrons from glycerol 3-phosphate and form FADH2 * and FADH2 brings the electrons to ubiquinone 2NADH are converted to 2FADH and 1FADH only produces 1.5ATP

BIOC2600 (26 decks)

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