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Alternative Health > 5-Alternative Western Therapies > Flashcards

5-Alternative Western Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

Define Naturopathic Medicine

A
  • Naturopathic medicine, commonly referred to as naturopathy
  • defined in 1902 by Dr. Benedict Lust as, “both a way of life and a concept of healing that used various natural means of treating human infirmities and disease states”
  • Modern interpretation: “a way of life with emphasis on client responsibility, client education, health maintenance, and disease prevention” - may well be the health system of the future
  • Growing interest in naturopathy,
  • Popularity has risen and declined since 1896
  • 5 distinct historical phases through which this system has progressed
  • presently in the ”‘reemergence of naturopathic medicine’” phase
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2
Q

The program of naturopathic cure is based on?

A
  1. Elimination of evil habits
  2. Corrective habits
  3. New principles of living
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3
Q

The naturopathic “way of life” follows what seven concepts that provide the foundation for the profession?

A
  1. The healing power of nature (vis mediatrix naturae)
  2. First do no harm (prium non nocere)
  3. Find the cause (tolle casusam)
  4. Treat the whole person (holism)
  5. Preventive medicine
  6. Wellness and health promotion (emerging principle)
  7. Doctor as teacher (docere)
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4
Q

The healing power of nature

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A
  • unwelcome health symptoms are the result of the best “choice” that the body can make at a given point of time
  • belief in the ability of the body to heal itself, if given the opportunity
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5
Q

First do no harm

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A
  • methods are the least invasive possible and the risk of medicinal side effects are minimized
  • suppression of symptoms is avoided as the symptom is an expression of the body processes at work (see above)
  • respect the power of nature in diagnosis, treatment, and counseling
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6
Q

Find the cause

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A

Find and remove the underlying cause or causes (lifestyle, diet) of disease in the correct healing order

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7
Q

Treat the whole person

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A
  • a change to one area of our health (e.g., mental, emotional, genetic, environment, etc.) causes a change in every other area
  • therefore the health or disease of our body should be viewed as a whole organism
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8
Q

Preventive medicine

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A
  • death is inevitable; progressive disability is not
  • teach principles of healthy living to prevent disease and stop minor illnesses from growing into more serious or degenerative diseases
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9
Q

Wellness and health promotion

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A

proactive state of establishing and maintaining optimal health and balance

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10
Q

Doctor as teacher

(naturopathic “way of life”)

A

patient sel-responsibility must be emphasized, along with health education

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11
Q

Explain the therapeutic order

A
  • It is believed that therapeutic interventions must be applied in a particular order, which mirrors the natural healing process
  • Order proceeds from the least to most force, or from least invasive to most invasive
  • Allows the naturopathic physician a wide range of treatment options as they are not locked in to utilizing only one particular therapy or group of therapies
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12
Q

The natural order of therapeutic intervention is as follows

A
  1. Reestablish the basis for health
  2. Stimulate the vis medicatrix naturae (the healing power of nature)
  3. Tonify and nourish weakened systems
  4. Correct deficiencies in structural integrity
  5. Prescribe specific substances and modalities for specific conditions and biochemical pathways (e.g., botanicals, acupuncture, homeopathy, counseling, etc.)
  6. Prescribe pharmaceutical substances (e.g., immunizations)
  7. Use radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
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13
Q

Explain the process of how a naturopathic physician develops and diagnosis and treatment plan

A
  • Use both the therapeutic order, and the 7 aforementioned core principles
  • Over a one-hour first visit, a thorough patient history and a review of the body systems is taken
    • patient’s lifestyle, physical examination
    • garner a clear understanding of the patient’s health
  • Naturopathic students are taught how to integrate the therapeutic order and core principles as part of their diagnostic toolkit
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14
Q

List the modalities commonly used by naturopathic physicians

A
  1. Clinical nutrition
  2. Botanical medicines
  3. Homeopathic medicine
  4. Traditional Chinease Medicine
  5. Acupuncture
  6. Hydrotherapy
  7. Physical medicine
  8. Detoxification
  9. Spirituality
  10. Counseling, health psychology, lifestyle modification
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15
Q

Clinical nutrition

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

dietary changes, nutritional supplementation

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16
Q

Botanical medicines

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

plant medicines as pharmacological agents

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17
Q

Homeopathic medicine

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

based on the theory of “like cures like”

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18
Q

Acupuncture

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

stimulation of specific points on the body by needles, massage, laser, to enhance the flow of qi along the meridian pathways

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19
Q

Hydrotherapy

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

use of water in any form or temperature, and with any method of disease and maintenance of health

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20
Q

Physical medicine

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

therapeutic use of touch, heat, cold, electricity, and sound

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21
Q

Detoxification

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

recognition and correction of toxicity of various body systems; this toxicity could originate from inside the body (endogenous) or outside the body (exogenous)

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22
Q

Spirituality

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

based on the individual patient’s beliefs and spiritual orientation

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23
Q

Counseling, health psychology, lifestyle modification

(therapeutic modalities of naturopaths)

A

includes mental, emotional, and family counseling

may include other modalities

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24
Q

Naturopaths vs naturopathic physicians

A
  • in Canada, they are considered the same
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25
Q

WHat is the education of a naturopathic doctor?

A
  • 4-year training program, at one of only 6 accredited schools in North America (2 in Canada)
  • However, due to variations in state laws in the US, differences exist between naturopathic physicians and the “traditional naturopath.”
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26
Q

Describe the history of homeopathy

A
  • Developed in Germany 200 years ago
  • Practiced in the US since the early 19th century
  • The title homeopathy originated from the Greek words of omios meaning ‘similar’, and pathos meaning ‘disease/suffering’ or ‘feeling’
  • title describes the method that Samuel Hahnemann, MD, created of “using remedies with the power to resonate with the illness as a whole
    • postulated the law of similars: a person with disease can be cured by the same substance that would cause the same symptoms in a healthy person
    • Hahnemann after he repeatedly ingested cinchona bark, a malaria treatment used in the late
27
Q

List the two laws of homeopathy

A
  1. law of similars
  2. law of minimum dose
28
Q

Describe the law of minimum dose

A
  • Law of infinitesimals
  • The lower the dose of the medication, the greater its effectiveness
  • The medicinal substance goes through the process of potentization, where substances are diluted over and over again and are shaken vigorously between each dilution
  • It is believed that in shaking the substance, there is a transmission of energy from the original substance to the final diluted remedy. The final remedies are so dilute that no molecules of the healing substance remain
  • However, it is believed that the substance has left its imprint in the memory of water, and in homeopathy this is believed to be what stimulates the body to heal itself
29
Q

List the guidelines of homeopathy

A
  1. Totality of symptoms
  2. Single remedy
  3. The 4 laws of cure
30
Q

Totality of symptoms

(homeopathy guideline)

A
  • illness is a disturbance in an individual’s vital life force
  • this disturbance effects not just the physical health of a person, but the mental and emotional health as well
  • these responses are unique to each individual
31
Q

Single remedy

(homeopathy guideline)

A
  • the practitioner only treats with one remedy at a time as effects of combining them are unpredictable
  • a remedy may contain one or more than one substance, however ,each remedy has been “proven”
32
Q

The 4 laws of cure

(homeopathy guideline)

A
  • based on Constantine Hering’s principles about the recovery process, symptom changes should occur in the following order (Micozzi, 2011, p. 347)
    1. From top to bottom, head to feet
    2. From inside to out, interior to peripheral (e.g., shoulder to fingers)
    3. From more vital to less vital organs
    4. From most recent symptom to the oldest symptom
33
Q

Describe regulations and controversy regarding homeopathic treatments in the US

A
  • Homeopathic remedies are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the same as nonprescription drugs
  • Homeopathic remedies are required to use the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the US guidelines during preparation and to meet standards for strength, quality, and purity
  • However, because homeopathic products contain no active ingredients that can be detected, they do not have to undergo the same safety and effectiveness testing as prescription drugs
  • A prescription is required if a homeopathic remedy claims to treat a serious disease such as cancer
34
Q

Describe Regulations and Controversy Regarding Homeopathic Treatment in Canada

A
  • Health Canada currently requires that all natural health products, including homeopathic remedies, follow the Natural Health Products Regulations
  • In Canada, homeopathic remedies are annotated by their Homeopathic Medicine Number (DIN-HM) on the label
35
Q

Explain the controversy surrounding Homeopathy

A
  • Number of different controversies in the last few years
  • Homeopathic medicine prescribed by practitioners, does not have any active ingredients that can be detected (law of minimum dose)
    • For this reason, this CAM therapy has been strongly discredited by various scientific bodies and has been gaining a reputation as a modern form of ‘snake oil’ in order to scam the unsuspecting public.
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) states the “most rigorous clinical trials and systematic analyses of the research on homeopathy have concluded that there is little evidence to support homeopathy as an effective treatment for any specific condition”
  • 2015 full assessment of evidence was done by the Australian government’s National Health and Medical Research Council where they concluded that “there are no health conditions for which there is reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective”
  • some homeopathic remedies are referred to as ‘vaccines’, and that homeopathic practitioners are pushing them as viable alternatives to standard vaccines against deadly diseases, such as the measles or polio, although there is no scientific evidence to support this
36
Q

Describe the regulation of homeopathy in Ontario

A
  • Practice of homeopathy has become more confusing for the public in Ontario with regulation of homeopathic practitioners as of April 2015
  • Although there is not scientific support of the homeopathic medicines, with regulation comes an implied stamp of approval.
  • On a positive note however, regulation does mean that practitioners are accountable to the public and are legally required to provide safe, high quality care
37
Q

Describe western herbalism

A
  • botanical medicine
  • study and practice of using phytotherapy (therapeutic plant materials) for food, medicine, and health promotion
  • used for the treatment of disease
  • also preventative care
  • Herbal medicines can be used in their original form or can be used to develop modern pharmaceuticals
  • Each culture has different ways to use a plant for food, medicine, or even ritual.
  • The delivery method of herbal medicines also varies among cultures
38
Q

Herbalist

A

specialist who has studied and taken specific training within this realm, however, herbal medicines can also be recommended by practitioners in other health care systems (Traditional Chinese Medicine).

39
Q

UK and US common herbalism

A

Tinctures – medicines preserved in alcohol, vinegar, syrup, glycerine, or honey

40
Q

Germany and US common herbalism

A

Tablets – the most common delivery system, powdered herbs with another inert filler ingredients are compressed into a solid pill

41
Q

Tibetan, Chinese and African common herbalism

A

Decoctions – dried, whole, or chopped fruit, seeds, bark, or roots are prepared for ingestion by simmering over low hea

42
Q

AyuRvedic common herbalism

A

Therapeutic oils – herbal medicines are placed in a carrier oil and then prepared similar to a decoction or infusion

43
Q

Aboriginal healing common herbalism

A
  • Infusions – dried, whole, or chopped herbs (flowers or leaves) are prepared for ingestion as a tea
  • Smokes – dried, whole, or chopped herbs (flower or leaves) are smoked with a pipe
  • Compresses – an externally applied soft piece of cloth or gauze that has been soaked in a herbal infusion, decoction, or tincture
44
Q

Definition of herbal medicine

A
  1. herbs
  2. herbal materials
  3. herbal preparations
  4. finished herbal products that, “contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations
45
Q

List the 10 categories of the active chemical ingredients in plants

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Tannins
  3. Volatile Oils
  4. Steroids
  5. Peptide Hormones
  6. Glycosides
  7. Lipids
  8. Resins
  9. Alkaloids
  10. Enzymes
46
Q

Describe the effects of herbalism

A
  • many variables need to be taken into account that may influence the potency of the herbal active ingredients.
  • habitat, environment grown, time and method collected, presence of pests
  • Beyond the active ingredients, a herbal medicine may contain other substances to aid the health of an individual.
  • These substances may be in the form of vitamins, minerals, trace elements, amino acids, essential fatty acids, water, digestible or indigestible fiber, or even simple calories
47
Q

What is the significance of having an active ingredient in herbal medicines?

A

Any substance that has an active ingredient needs to be considered a drug, as it also has the potential to cause adverse side effects

48
Q

Although herbals medicines are used throughout the world, the WHO lists challenges to overcome to ensure the safety of individuals using this

A
  1. To build the knowledge base for active management of T&CM through appropriate national policies
  2. To strengthen quality assurance, safety, proper use and effectiveness of T&CM by regulating T&CM products, practices and practitioners
  3. To promote universal health coverage by integrating T&CM services into health care service delivery and self-health care
49
Q

What are the important general guidelines to adhere to when using herbal medicines?

A
  • The requirement of a thorough patient history
  • An accurate medical diagnosis is required before treatment
  • A reminder that natural is not necessarily safe
  • Pregnant and lactating mothers should avoid herbal medication
  • Children should only use herbal medication with extreme care
  • Adverse effects must be taken seriously; discontinue the product if necessary
50
Q

Describe the regulations following herbal medicine

A
  • International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines:
    • global network of regulatory authorities responsible for regulation of herbal medicines
    • mission to protect and promote public heath and safety through improved regulation for herbal medicines
    • Twenty-three countries presently are members
  • Health Canada currently requires that all natural health products, including herbal medicines, follow the ‘Natural Health Products Regulations
    • herbal medicines are annotated by their Natural Product Number (NPN) on the label
  • Regulated in the US by the FDA
51
Q

Define aromatherapy

A

the use of essential oils from plants (flowers, herbs, or trees) as therapy to improve physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being

52
Q

Describe the history and development of aromatherapy

A
  • For thousands of years fragrant plants have been used in many cultures (e.g., China, India) for healing practices.
  • Modern day aromatherapy was pioneered by French chemist Rene Gattefosse in the early 20th century.
  • Now used as an adjunct of herbal medicine, a therapist trained in aromatherapy will use diluted fragrant active substances usually in the form of essential oils (i.e., volatile oils) to affect the body and mind
53
Q

Explain the logic behind aromatherapy and the oils

A
  • The active ingredients or essence of a plant are created using energy from the sun and elements from the air, soil, and water
  • The cells of the plant that hold this essence are found in the surface of the leaves, bark, peel, and when this plant material is crushed the fragrant essence is released
  • When the extract process uses a natural method such as distillation with steam or water or being mechanically pressed, the essences released become essential oils.
  • True essential oils are not made with chemical extraction processes.
  • Essential oils are very concentrated; for example, to make 1 lb of lavender essential oil approximately 220 lbs of lavender flowers are required
54
Q

Define essential oil

A
  • Products obtained from natural raw materials by distillation with water or steam or from the epicarp of citrus fruits by a mechanical process or by dry distillation.
  • The essential oil is subsequently separated from the aqueous phase by physical mean
55
Q

List the ways in which aromatherapy is used

A
  1. Indirect inhalation (room diffuser)
  2. Direct inhalation (breathing steem)
  3. Aromatherapy massage (diluted into carrier lotion)
  4. Direct application to skin (combined with creams, dressings, bath
  5. Essetial oils are rarely ingested
56
Q

List the different types of aromatherapy

A
  1. Holistic aromatherapy
  2. Clinical aromatherapy
  3. Aesthetic aromatherapy
  4. Aromatic medicine
57
Q

Hollistic aromatherapy

A
  • utilizes a combination of essential oils and body massage
  • most common form of aromatherapy, especially in the UK
  • holistic health approach taken to balance the mind and body
58
Q

Clinical aromatherapy

A
  • integrates the use of essential oils into a mainstream medical environment
  • usually administered by a health care practitioner (e.g., midwife, nurse)
  • treatments are specifically focused on a particular outcome (e.g., anxiety management)
59
Q

Aesthetic aromatherapy

A
  • combines the cosmetic benefits of essential oils with aromatherapy and often massage
  • links have been published regarding the benefits of essential oils in dermatology
  • popularity is growing in spas around the world, although training differs greatly among countries
60
Q

Aromatic medicine

A
  • usually considered to be a branch of herbal medicine, and mostly practiced in Europe
  • more intensive in dosages and sometimes utilizes essential oils internally
  • may be used in conjunction with other CAM
61
Q

Describe the therapeutic potential of aromatherapy

A
  • most likely a result “from the effect of odorant molecules from essential oils on the brain’s emotional center, the limbic system
  • exact mechanism has not been confirmed
  • essential oils are:
    1. fragrant substances: impact the body via the limbic system as mentioned earlier
    2. pharmacologically active: the biological active substances are able to impact the targeted site (local or systemic) easier due to their molecular structure (i.e., small size and lipophilic nature)
    3. able to impact the individual at a subtle or vibrational level: the essence is the “life source” of a plant; this plant essence is combined with the energy medicine prevalent within other CAM approaches (e.g., TCM, Ayurveda)
62
Q

Describe the Clinical Applications of aromatherapy

A
  • Topical application: antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, or analgesic effects
  • Few benefits attributed to essential oils
  • Aromatherapy: more commonly used in integrated medicine, (cancer, palliative)
63
Q

Describe the safety concerns with aromatherapy

A
  • active ingredients pose some risks
  • Specific individuals (children) are at higher risks of side effects
  • Adverse effects possible if :
    • high air quality not maintained
    • interactions with other medications taken concurrently
    • frequent exposure of the various essential oils
  • no claim for treatment of a specific disease, aromatherapy products do not need approval by the FDA

Alternative Health (7 decks)

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