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Alternative Health > 2-Mind-body-spirit therapies > Flashcards

2-Mind-body-spirit therapies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 fundamental concepts that underpin mind-body-spirit (MBS) medicine?

A
  1. The need to treat the whole person
  2. Use of mental processes and the encouragement of people to become active participants in their own health care, thereby preventing disease or shortening the length of an existing disease
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2
Q

MBS

A

Mind

body

spirit

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3
Q

How does MBS work?

A
  • does not suggest people can cure disease using mental interventions
  • reduces the severity and frequency of biological symptoms and can potentially help strengthen the body’s resistance to disease
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4
Q

What is the Hippocratic symbol and its importance?

A
  • Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, used MBS techniques since 3BC
  • Serpent coiled around a staff to portray the medical and healing profession
  • Serpent = healing energy
  • Staff = life
  • When the serpent is unleashed, healing energy spirals up the spine and out of the forehead
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5
Q

The Canadian Mental Health Association states that ___% of Canadians will personally experience a mental illness in their lifetime.

A

20%

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6
Q

One in every ___ people experiences a major psychological disorder every six months-most commonly anxiety, depression, substance abuse, or acute confusion.

A

5

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7
Q

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a placebo as?

A
  1. An usually pharmacologically inert preparation prescribed more for the mental relief of the patient than for its actual effect on a disorder,
  2. An inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
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8
Q

Define placebo effect

A

Improvement in the condition of a patient that occurs in response to treatment but cannot be considered due to the specific treatment used

Health improves not because of the treatment itself, but because the individual believes it has done something

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9
Q

Nocebo

A

negative result of placebo

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10
Q

List the factors affecting placebos

A
  1. form (pill, food, drug)
  2. colour
  3. culture (germany vs canada)
  4. directions
  5. size
  6. prescription
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11
Q

Describe the word psychotherapy

A

from the ancient Greek words “healing of the soul

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12
Q

Today, the Ontario Society of Psychotherapists (OSP) describes psychotherapy in the following way

A
  • addresses personal difficulties.
  • allows an individual, a family, a couple, to talk openly and confidentially about their concerns and feelings with a trained professional
  • Almost all types involve developing a therapeutic relationship, communicating and creating a dialogue and working to overcome problematic thoughts or behaviors
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13
Q

What is The primary goal of psychotherapy

A

to enable an individual to improve their emotional, and in turn, mental state

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14
Q

Most forms of psychotherapy fall into one of which six categories?

A
  1. Psychodynamic therapy
  2. Behavior therapy
  3. Cognitive therapy
  4. Systems therapy
  5. Supportive therapy
  6. Body-oriented therapy
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15
Q

What is the difference between psychotherapy and counselling? According to the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA),

A
  • not possible to make a generally accepted distinction
  • some use the terms interchangeably
  • differences relate more to the individual psychotherapist’s or counsellors training, interests or the setting in which they work, rather than to any intrinsic difference in the two activities
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16
Q

Social support and group-based programs have been shown to

A
  1. improve an individuals’ mental attitude and resiliency in the face of chronic illness
  2. enhance communication and teamwork within a corporate environment
  3. improve adherence to physical fitness intervention strategies
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17
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A
  • Derived from psychoanalysis
  • seeks to understand and resolve emotional conflicts that originate in childhood relationships and repeat themselves in adult life
  • explore current emotional reactions from past situations
  • goal to make changes in personality patterns
  • interpretive therapy or expressive therapy
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18
Q

Behaviour therapy

A
  • Emphasizes changing specific behavior (phobia) by stopping reinforcing or replacing response
  • Analyze the behavior and devise ways to change it
  • Focused problems
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19
Q

Cognitive therapy

A
  • Changing specific habits
  • Emphasizes the habitual thoughts that underlie the habits
  • Often used with behavior therapy
  • Depression and low selfesteem
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20
Q

Systems therapy

A
  • Relationship patterns (couples, partners, parent child, families)
  • Experiential practice to change problem-solving patterns
  • Everyone attend
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21
Q

Supportive therapy

A
  • People in intense emotional crisis
  • combine with pharmacological support
  • build tools to handel overwhelming situations
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22
Q

Body oritented therapy

A
  • Hypothesizes that emotions are encoded with the physical body
  • Breathwork, movement, manual pressure
  • Muscles and tissues
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23
Q

Stress (defined by Han Selye)

A

rate of wear and tear on the body

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24
Q

Define stress

A
  • a demand made upon the adaptive capacities of the mind and body
  • unconscious response to a demand (e.g., deadlines, traffic, relationship difficulties, etc.), not the demand itself
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25
Q

Describe the Yerkes-Dodson Principle

A

to a certain point, a specific amount of stress is healthy, useful, and even beneficial

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26
Q

distress

A

when stress reaches excessive levels, and exceeds our ability to respond or to cope effectively

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27
Q

Consequences of too much stress?

A

both physical illness, (e.g., coronary heart disease, immune system deficiencies, etc.) and mental illness, such as depression, and even suicide

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28
Q

Different levels of stress

A
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29
Q

How is the stress response similar to an air conditioner?

A
  • We are continuously adjusting to changing conditions, like an AC controlled by the thermostat
  • Weather outside changes, thermostat turns AC on, which bring temperature back down
  • If extreme heat outside, AC has a limit, burns out, breaks down
  • Bodies continuously react to outside or inside
  • Respond physically, mentally, emotionally
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30
Q

Can we cure stress?

A

no

  • no one particular technique, method, program, or regimen can reduce long-term stress in everyone
  • can learn to control our behavior in response to stressors
  • meditation is an option
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31
Q

Meditation

A
  • a conscious mental method of systematically allowing the mind to focus gently on a single item
  • part of the mind-body connection
  • thought to create a more balanced alignment between the consciousness (mind) with the physical body
  • can produce psychological and physical changes within the body
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32
Q

Benson’s subsequent research into the relaxation response covered 5 efficient techniques of relaxation training

A
  1. Transcendental meditation
  2. Zen and yoga
  3. Autogenic training
  4. Progressive relaxation
  5. Hypnosis/deep relaxation
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33
Q

Of the 5 meditation techniques, there are 4 elements common to all

A
  1. a quiet environment
  2. an object on which to focus the mind
  3. a passive attitude
  4. any comfortable position
34
Q

List the 2 different meditations

A

Transcendental (Asian)

Mindfulness (Western)

35
Q

What is chakra meditation?

A
  • seven chakras of the body are located along the spinal column and each is represented by a different colour
  • chakras correspond with the colour spectrum (ROYGBIV) from bottom to top
  • point of focus during meditation and each has different characteristics that influence our personality
36
Q

List the 7 chakras

A
  1. Crown (head) white
  2. Brow (between eyes) indigo
  3. Throat, blue
  4. Heart, green
  5. Solar plexus (above naval) yellow
  6. Sacral, orange
  7. Base (bottom pf spine) red
37
Q

Describe the crown chakra

A

our spirituality and connection with the divine

38
Q

Describe the brow chakra

A

the seat of perception, intuition, and awareness, sometimes referred to as the ‘3rd eye’

39
Q

Describe the throat chakra

A

our creativity and communication centre

40
Q

Describe the heart chakra

A

our centre for love, harmony, and peace

41
Q

Describe the solar plexus chakra

A

our awareness of our ‘self’ in the world

42
Q

Describe the sacral chakra

A

our sexuality and reproductive abilities

43
Q

Describe the base chakra

A

controls our most basic human instincts

44
Q

Define hypnosis

A
  • state of attentive, focused, concentration with suspension of some peripheral awareness
  • extreme suggestibility, relaxation, and heightened imagination
45
Q

When is hypnosis used?

A
  1. pain control (e.g., childbirth, dentistry)
  2. reducing anxiety (e.g., public speaking, phobias)
  3. managing addictions (e.g., nicotine, alcohol)
46
Q

What are the three major states or stages of the hypnosis process?

A
  1. Absorption – enters state of attentive concentration by focusing on the words or images presented by the hypnotherapist;
  2. Dissociation – becomes relatively unaware/uncaring of the immediate surroundings;
  3. Responsiveness - becomes highly responsive to suggestion and a hypnotherapist leads them through exercises that are specific to their needs.
47
Q

What is biofeedback?

A
  • method that uses electronic devices to aid a person to learn to consciously regulate bodily functions
  • expected to improve overall health
  • watching the feedback on a computer monitor, you can learn through trial and error how to adjust your thinking to mentally control body processes such as breathing, heart rate, muscle tension, skin temperature, blood pressure, and brain wave activity
48
Q

List five common forms of biofeedback

A
  1. Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback;
  2. Thermal (temperature) biofeedback therapy;
  3. Electrodermal activity/galvanic skin response therapy;
  4. Finger pulse therapy;
  5. Breathing feedback therapy.
49
Q

A sixth form of biofeedback commonly used is?

A

electroencephalogram (EEG) therapy

  • instrument monitors brainwave activity via sensors placed on the scalp
  • brainwaves are associated with different mental states (stressful alertness, normal wakefulness, relaxation)
50
Q

Define imagery

A
  • train of thoughts that incorporates sensory qualities from one or more of the senses (i.e., aural, tactile, olfactory, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic) to produce an image
  • any therapy that relies on the imagination to stimulate, communicate, solve problems, or evoke a heightened awareness or sensitivity
  • not the same as visualization
51
Q

Define visualization

A

only refers to “seeing” something in the mind’s eye

52
Q

Describe imagery therapy

A
  • therapist teaches or guides the individual into creating their image for the purpose of deep relaxation and to lead them to a deep state of consciousness
  • There, healthy images can be “reprogrammed” into their consciousness
53
Q

What are the 3 characteristics needed in order for the healing image to occur effectively?

A

The image:

  1. is created by the individual him or herself
  2. involves as many sense modalities as possible
  3. has as much dynamism and energy behind it as possible
54
Q

How does art therapy work?

A
  • actively engaged in the creation process itself, can enhance all facets of our MBS model
  • stimulated into a journey of self-discovery and creativity, our body can benefit from musculoskeletal movement and a corresponding relaxation response, while our spirituality can be nourished with optimism and hope
  • individual needs to “engage in the arts without fearing shame, ridicule, derision, or embarrassment and in a safe environment that allows patients to cast off their ‘inner critic’”
55
Q

List the 3 forms of CAM therapies from the creative art therapy

A
  1. Creative Arts therapy
  2. Expressive Arts therapy
  3. Arts in Health Care
56
Q

Define Animal-assisted therapy

A

AAT

use of specifically selected animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses) as a treatment modality in health and human service settings

57
Q

List the benefits of AAT on the MBS model?

A

Mind – improved memory, attention, concentration, and increased language production

Body – improved mobility, coordination, and increased core strength

Spirit – adoption of a more positive outlook, improved self-esteem, and less depression

58
Q

List the energy medicine’ therapies that we see in our western society today

A
  1. reiki
  2. Healing Touch (HT)
  3. Therapeutic Touch (TT)
  4. qigong
59
Q

Describe how Energy Balancing Therapies work

A
  • alter the body’s energy field, and in turn, impact on the healing process
  • gentle, light, or near-body touch techniques on or near the body to help repattern the patient’s energy field and accelerate healing of the MBS
  • belief that human beings are fields of energy that are in constant interaction with other energy fields in our everyday lives
  • use the energetic interaction between the practitioner and the client
  • not designed to diagnose physical conditions…nor are they meant to replace conventional surgery, medicine, or drugs in treating organic disease
  • heal, not cure
60
Q

Where is reiki from?

A

Originating from Japan and Tibet

initially a self-practiced energy therapy.

61
Q

What goes on during a reiki session?

A
  • practitioners lay hands gently on or hold them just above a specific problem area on the body
  • practitioner’s hands do not move except to place them over another area
  • while the hands are in place there is a transference of universal life energy to a recipient
  • no assessment or an attempt to adjust the patients existing energy field - reiki flows through a series of 15 hand positions (each for 5 min) designed to cover all body systems
62
Q

Where does Therapeutic Touch come from?

A
  • Developed in the early 1970s by Dolores Krieger, PhD, RN
  • Mixing ancient shamanic traditions with techniques she learned studying with Dora Kunz (natural healer)
63
Q

Describe Therapeutic Touch

A
  • Not designed to treat specific diseases
  • Goal to balance the energy field of an individual or to create a ‘boost’ in order to improve the clients’ energy towards wholeness, thereby enhancing their own ability to heal
64
Q

Describe what happens in a Therapeutic touch treatment

A

Treatments generally follow four steps:

  1. Centering – practitioner quiet themselves physically, mentally, and emotionally
  2. Assessment – practitioner assesses the individual’s energy field from head to foot by “smoothing it out” (2-6 inches above body); assess for bilateral similarities or differences
  3. Clearing – practitioner unblock areas of energy by using slow brushing motions from the top down and away from the body
  4. Directing the energy – practitioner will either slow, stimulate, or rebalance the rhythm of the energy flow in problem areas
65
Q

Describe Healing touch?

A
  • Goal to restore harmony and balance in the human energy system by placing the client in a position to self heal
  • Imbalances in personal bioenergetic forces are believed to represent illness and poor health
  • practitioners use their intuition to solve problems in the client’s energy field and their hands to assess the recipients energy state
  • goal to allow the individual a smooth flow of energy, while allowing it to feel powerful and unobstructed
  • clear intention to support and harmonize the person with their innate energy balance, practitioner boosts the individual’s energy and rebalances it
  • great amount of debate
  • Some studies have determined that TT and HT produces a moderately positive effect in reducing both anxiety and pain with no serious side effects, while other studies saw placebo effect
  • National Institute of Health no longer provides information on TT and HT on their NCCIH website
66
Q

Read in your textbook (p. 205) about a Cochrane Review (meta-analysis, 2008) performed on energy therapy research, where they found a small but significant result.

A

ds

67
Q

Where does Qigong come from?

A

Originating from China

the practice of cultivating the universal life force

68
Q

Describe qigong

A
  • A blend of energy medicine, meditation, and gentle physical activity,
  • shown through many studies to have positive health benefits on hypertension, anxiety, and bone density
  • Qigong and the exercise of tai chi is interrelated
69
Q

Now read the following from your textbook:

Chapter 14: Energy Medicine, pp. 203-206 (‘Therapeutic Touch, Healing Touch, and Energy Therapies’ only)

A

hh

70
Q

Researched effects of Transcendental meditation

A
  • Decrease O2 consumption
  • Decrease respiratory rate
  • Decrease HR
  • Increase Alpha waves
  • Decreases (if elevated) BP
71
Q

Researched effects of Zen and yoga

A
  • Decrease O2 consumption
  • Decrease respiratory rate
  • Decrease HR
  • Increase Alpha waves
  • Decreases (if elevated) BP
72
Q

Researched effects of Autogenic training

A
  • Decrease respiratory rate
  • Decrease HR
  • Increase Alpha waves
73
Q

Researched effects of progressive relaxation

A

Decreases muscle tension

74
Q

Researched effects of Hypnosis/deep relaxation

A
  • Decrease O2 consumption
  • Decrease respiratory rate
  • Decrease HR
75
Q

Describe transcendental meditation

A
  • Student given a mantra (word or sound) to repeat silently over and over while sitting comfortable
  • Repeating is to prevent distracting thoughts
  • Remain passive, note thoughts other than mantra and return to mantra
  • Morning and evening for 20 min
  • Reduces health care costs, increases longevity, quality of life
  • Reduce anxiety, BP, serum cholesterol levels, PTSD, chronic pain
  • Researched effectiveness
76
Q

Describe Mindfulness meditation?

A
  • Chronic pain, stress related disorders
  • Induce deep states of relaxation
  • Distractions are not ignored but focussed on
  • Buddhist
  • Cultivate greater awareness and wisdom,
  • Aim of living each moment fully
  • Nurture inner balance of mind, clarity, stability, understanding, respond effectively
  • Accept and welcome stress, pain, anger, frustration… etc
  • Researched effects
77
Q

Describe Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback

A
  • Measures muscle tension
  • Amplifies that information and converts into simple info
  • Often used for tension headaches, physical rehab, chronic muscle pain, incontinence, relaxation
78
Q

Describe Thermal (temperature) biofeedback therapy

A
  • Measure skin temp as index of blood flow changes from constriction to dilatation of vessels
  • Often on finger
  • Hands and feet
  • Raynaud’s disease, migraine, relaxation
79
Q

Describe Electrodermal activity/galvanic skin response therapy

A
  • Measures changes in sweat activity too minimal to feel
  • Sensors to palm,
  • Stressful thoughts, rapid deep breathing,
  • Anxiety, hyperhidrosis
80
Q

Describe Finger pulse therapy

A
  • Measures pulse rate and force
  • Signs of arousal of autonomic nervous system
  • Hypertension, anxiety, cardiac arrhythmias
81
Q

Describe Breathing feedback therapy

A
  • Measures breath rate, volume, rhythm, location
  • Sensors around the chest and abdomen to measure air flow from mouth and nose
  • Visual feedback
  • Learn to take deeper, slower, lower, more regular breaths
  • Asthma, hyperventilation, anxiety

Alternative Health (7 decks)

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