5-8 Study Guide Flashcards
In what part of Europe did Christian humanism develop?
a. the British Isles
b. Southern Europe
c. Northern Europe
d. Eastern Europe
c. Northern Europe
What practice of the Catholic Church did Martin Luther protest in the Ninety-five Theses?
a. prayer for souls in purgatory
b. the sale of indulgences
c. the translation of the Bible from Latin to German
d. the doctrine of transubstantiation
b. the sale of indulgences
For what reason did Henry VIII reject the authority of the Catholic Church?
a. He did not believe the pope had the power to forgive people’s sins.
b. He was angry that the pope had sided with France in its military conflicts with England.
c. He was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
d. He rejected the Catholic Church’s doctrine of transubstantiation.
c. He was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Why was the Jesuit order founded?
a. to educate young Catholic men
c. to pray for the souls in purgatory
b. to care for the sick
d. to provide charity for the poor
a. to educate young Catholic men
Their adoption of non-European navigational technology in the Age of Exploration allowed Europeans to
a. treat sailors who fell sick on long sea voyages
b. preserve the plant and animal specimens they found in the Americas
c. sail out of sight of the European coast
d. detect and avoid storms at sea
c. sail out of sight of the European coast
How did the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans help initiate the Age of Exploration?
a. It made allies of Portugal and Spain, who then became partners in the exploration of the globe.
b. It provided Portuguese and Spanish soldiers with valuable military experience they used in conquering
the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
c. It freed funds that had been spent fighting the Ottomans for use in outfitting voyages of exploration.
d. It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed the Muslim
Ottomans
d. It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed the Muslim
Ottomans
Along with the desire to grow rich, what motivated Portugal and Spain to explore new lands?
a. the desire to spread Christianity and counter the influence of Islam
b. the desire to acquire new medicinal plants to treat infectious diseases
c. the desire to find new land to relieve population pressure in Europe
d. the desire to find new food sources to feed Europe’s starving population
a. the desire to spread Christianity and counter the influence of Islam
What was a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
a. Spain was able to colonize the Philippines.
b. Brazil became a Portuguese colony.
c. The Portuguese were prohibited from trading in Africa
d. Spanish conquistadors could no longer be granted encomiendas.
b. Brazil became a Portuguese colony.
How did other European nations respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?
a. They ignored the treaty.
b. They requested the pope grant them territory as well.
c. They declared war on Spain and Portugal.
d. They abandoned their efforts to explore and colonize the Americas.
a. They ignored the treaty.
Why were animal-borne infectious diseases more deadly for Indigenous peoples in the Americas than for Europeans?
a. The Indigenous peoples led a nomadic lifestyle so they could not rest when they fell ill.
b. A genetic mutation made Indigenous peoples more susceptible to bacterial infections.
c. Indigenous peoples had no experience treating illnesses of any kind.
d. Indigenous peoples had never been exposed to the infectious diseases originating in European
domesticated animals.
d. Indigenous peoples had never been exposed to the infectious diseases originating in European
domesticated animals.
Which plant was introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere in the Columbian Exchange?
a. Apples b. maize c. wheat d. rice
b. maize
What was a key feature of mercantilist theory?
a. the measuring of a nation’s wealth in gold and silver
b. an emphasis on importing more goods than were exported
c. competition among businesses
d. a focus on free trade rather than tariffs
a. the measuring of a nation’s wealth in gold and silver
According to mercantilist theory, what is the main purpose of colonies?
a. to serve as a home for excess population in the home country
b. to offer a haven for religious and political dissidents
c. to increase national prestige
d. to provide natural resources for the home country
d. to provide natural resources for the home country
How did mercantilist policies hurt the working class?
a. The desire to extract profits from colonies led to the abuse of working-class settlers.
b. Mercantilism advocated keeping wages low.
c. The building up of surpluses of gold and silver led to inflation.
d. Mercantilist policies often led to wars, which had to be fought by working-class soldiers
b. Mercantilism advocated keeping wages low.
What item exchanged in Africa as part of the triangular trade was made using a by-product of the labor of
enslaved people?
a. Cloth b. guns c. rum d. coffee
c. rum
What is chattel slavery?
a. a form of slavery that results from indebtedness
b. a form of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as pieces of property
c. a form of slavery in which children do not inherit the status of enslaved parents
d. a form of slavery in which those enslaved are captured as a result of armed conflict
b. a form of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as pieces of property
Which crop were most enslaved laborers in the Americas used to grow?
a. Sugar b. wheat c. tobacco d. rice
a. Sugar
How did the slave trade affect the growth of African manufacturing?
a. African manufacturing suffered because so many people were taken in the slave trade that there were not enough laborers left.
b. The availability of large numbers of enslaved workers kept production costs low for African
manufacturers.
c. The need to produce weapons to fight back against European slave traders spurred the development
of the firearms industry in Africa.
d. The exchange of European textiles for enslaved people harmed African cloth producers, who could not compete on quantity or price.
d. The exchange of European textiles for enslaved people harmed African cloth producers, who could not compete on quantity or price.
How did Martin Luther’s teachings regarding salvation differ from those of the Roman Catholic Church?
Martin Luther argued that salvation is granted by faith alone in God’s grace, not by human efforts or good works. In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation required a combination of faith, good works, and participation in the sacraments. Luther’s rejection of this idea was a central tenet of the Protestant Reformation.
How did Muslim and Chinese inventions help Europeans explore the Atlantic Ocean in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries?
Muslim and Chinese inventions, like the astrolabe and magnetic compass, helped Europeans explore the Atlantic by improving navigation and direction at sea. Chinese innovations in shipbuilding, such as the sternpost rudder, also made European ships more maneuverable for long voyages
What motivated ordinary Spanish people to embark on voyages of exploration?
Ordinary Spanish people were motivated to embark on voyages of exploration by the promise of wealth, land, and social advancement. Many sought opportunities for economic gain through gold and new trade routes, while others were driven by religious zeal to spread Christianity or escape hardships at home. The potential for fame and adventure also inspired many to join expeditions.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange refers to the large-scale transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and the rest of the world following Christopher Columbus’s voyages. It introduced new crops like potatoes, tomatoes, and maize to Europe, while horses, cattle, wheat, and smallpox were brought to the Americas, dramatically altering societies on both sides.
Briefly describe the three legs of the triangular trade.
- Europe to Africa: European goods like guns, textiles, and rum were traded for enslaved Africans.
- Africa to the Americas (Middle Passage): Enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic and sold in the Americas.
- Americas to Europe: Raw materials like sugar, tobacco, and cotton were shipped from the Americas to Europe, completing the cycle.
What were some differences between African slavery and slavery in the Americas?
- Nature of slavery: In Africa, slavery often involved prisoners of war or debt bondage and was typically not lifelong or hereditary. Enslaved people could sometimes gain freedom or integrate into the society.
= Chattel slavery: In the Americas, slavery was based on race and became chattel slavery, meaning enslaved people were treated as property, with little chance for freedom, and their children were born into slavery.
- Scale: Slavery in the Americas was much more large-scale and brutal, with a focus on labor-intensive plantations.
How did mercantilism contribute to the rise in slavery in the Americas?
Mercantilism contributed to the rise of slavery in the Americas by driving the demand for cheap labor to maximize profits. European nations sought to extract wealth from their colonies by producing cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which required a large, stable workforce. To meet this demand, enslaved Africans were imported in massive numbers, as they provided a more cost-effective labor source for plantation owners, helping European countries maintain a favorable balance of trade under mercantilist policies.
How were the initial English settlements primarily funded?
a. by grants from the royal treasury
b. through joint stock companies
c. with gifts from King Henry V
d. through taxes collected by the Diocese of Canterbury
b. through joint stock companies
After their initial founding, how did colonies in the Americas typically relate to their home countries?
a. Colonies relied on their home countries for supplies and economic support.
b. Colonies became totally independent.
c. Colonies joined rival empires.
d. Colonies ignored their home countries.
a. Colonies relied on their home countries for supplies and economic support.
Why is the city once known as New Amsterdam now known as New York?
a. Residents of the city voted to rename it in honor of the Duke of York.
b. City leaders changed the name after the Earl of York invested in the city.
c. The Catholic Church modified the name on maps in honor of Saint York.
d. The English renamed the city after they captured it from the Dutch
d. The English renamed the city after they captured it from the Dutch
What explains the relatively harmonious relationship between French colonists and the Indigenous peoples of Canada?
a. The French could not afford to anger Indigenous peoples who assisted them in acquiring furs.
b. The French found the Indigenous people of Canada eager to convert to Christianity.
c. The French had little contact with Indigenous peoples and remained within their own settlements.
d. Most of the Indigenous peoples of Canada died as a result of smallpox, so they were easily dominated by the French
a. The French could not afford to anger Indigenous peoples who assisted them in acquiring furs.
What was a major cause of the Seven Years’ War?
a. the destruction of the British Raj
b. the regulation of opium in China
c. the death of Louis XV of France
d. growing rivalries between European powers
d. growing rivalries between European powers
What was the primary reason for the creation of the British Raj?
a. the failure of the British East India Company to prevent unrest in India
b. the rise of revolutionary movements in China
c. the need for increasing tax revenues to support British colonization in Africa
d. the downfall of the British monarchy
a. the failure of the British East India Company to prevent unrest in India
What was the system by which the Qing dynasty controlled trade?
a. the Raj system
b. the Ndongo system
c. the Canton system
d. the treaty system
c. the Canton system
What was a result of the Qing dynasty’s trade policies?
a. China temporarily enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.
b. The British were forced to focus on their colonies in North America.
c. China was able to dominate Japan politically and militarily.
d. The French suffered defeat in the Seven Years’ War.
a. China temporarily enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.
African resistance to European colonization was often a response to which line of trade?
a. the opium trade
b. the slave trade
c. the textile trade
d. the aluminum trade
b. the slave trade
