Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UWorld Review > 5/24 Mixed > Flashcards

5/24 Mixed Flashcards

1
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

Can cause cystic degeneration of the putamen as well as damage to other basal ganglia structures.
The putamen is located medial to the insula and lateral to the globus pallidus on coronal sections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pseudogout

A

Rhomboid-shaped calcium pyrophosphate crystals
Positively birefringent under polarized light
Knee joint is involved in >50 % of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hereditary Angioedema

A

Low serum levels of C1 esterase inhibitor
AD, episodes of painless, non-pitting, well-circumscribed edema (face, neck,lips, tongue), respiratory obstruction, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea
activated kallikrein and bradykinin levels are increases
Bradykinin, C3a, and C5a mediate angioedema by increasing vasodilation and vascular permeability
SE of ACEi = angioedema (bradykinin accumulation)–ACEi are CONTRAINDICATED in patients with hereditary angioedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Phenytoin

A

Neural tube defects, orofacial clefts, microcephaly, nail or digit hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Lithium

A

Ebstein anomaly, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Valproate

A

Neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Isotertinoin

A

Microcephaly, thymic hypoplasia, small ears, hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Methotrexate

A

Limb and craniofacial abnormalities, neural tube defects, abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Teratogenic Medications: ACE inhibitors

A

Renal dysgenesis, oligohydramnios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Teratogenic Medications: Warfarin

A

Nasal hypoplasia, stippled epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MOA of penicillins and cephalosporins

A

Irreversibly bind to penicillin-binding proteins such as TRANSPEPTIDASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long term treatment of Parkinson disease with levodopa

A

Complicated by periodic and sometimes unpredictable fluctuations in motor function
This “on-off” phenomenon is thought to be a consequence of progressive nigrostriatal neurodegeneration leading to a decreased therapeutic window for levodopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SE Dihydropyridine Ca Channel Blockers (Amlodipine)

A

Headache, Flushing, Dizziness, Peripheral Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pituitary Apoplexy

A

Acute hemorrhage into the pituitary gland
Associated with preexisting pituitary adema
Presents acutely with severe headache, cranial nerve involvement (bitemporal hemianopsia, opthalmoplegia), and signs of meningeal irritation
Pts often have chronic symptoms associated with the underlying pituitary tumor
Cardiovascular collapse can occur due to adrencortical deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

80% due to gallstones and chronic alcoholism
Less common causes account for the other 20%
Inherited or acquired hypertriglyceridemia (>1000) can cause acute pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The seminiferous tubules become atrophic and hyalinized as a result of temperature induced damage, resulting in significantly depressed sperm count as well as decreased inhibin levels
Hormonal function of leydig cells is usually not impaired , thus secondary sexual characterisitcs and sexual performance are normal
Should be corrected early in life to prevent damage to ST and decrease risk of testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Acquire their lipid bilayer envelope by budding through the plasma membrane of the host cell
Exceptions include the herpesviruses, which bud through the acquire their envelope from the host cell nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase require thiamine as a cofactor
Administration of glucose to thiamine-deficient patients (alcoholics) can result in Wernicke encephalopathy (acute confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia) due to increased thiamine demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Multiple sclerosis incontinence

A

Often develop a spastic bladder a few weeks after developing an acute lesion of the spinal cord
These patients present clinically with increased urinary frequency and urge incontinence
Urodynamic studies show the presence of bladder hypertonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cleavage of proinsulin

A

Occurs in the islet cell secretory granules
Yields insulin and C-peptide
Both are stored in the granule until they are secreted in equimolar amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phenotype mixing

A

Refers to coinfection of a host cell by 2 viral strains, resulting in progeny virions that contain nucleocapsid proteins from one strain and the unchanged parental genome of the other strain
Because there is no change in the underlying viral genomes (no genetic exchange), the next generation of virions revert to their original, unmixed phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SE of whole/packed blood transfusion (5-6 L)

A

May develop elevated plasma levels of citrate (a substance added to stored blood)
Citrate chelates calcium and magnesium and may reduce their plasma levels, causing paresthesias

23
Q

Fracture of the scaphoid bone

A

Caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand
Exam shows tenderness in the anatomical snuff box
Scaphoid bone is vulnerable to avascular necrosis due to its tenuous blood supply

24
Q

Structures that enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure

A

The oculomotor nerve (CN III), ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducens nerve (CN VI), superior opthalmic vein

25
Q

Theophylline

A

Adenosine receptor antagonist and indirect adrenergic agent with a narrow therapeutic index
Predominantly metabolized by hepatic cytochrome oxidases
Inhibition by concurrent illness, or drug (cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, macrolides, verapamil) can raise serum concentration and cause toxicity (seizures, cardiac arrhythmias)

26
Q

MHC II processing

A

MHCII expressed on the surface of APC and function to present antigen that is foreign
Antigen is taken into the APC by phagocytosis or endocytosis and is loaded onto MHC II within ACIDIFIED endosomes and the MHC II protein-antigen complex is then expressed on the cell surface for subsequent interaction with T lymphocytes
Failure to acidify lysosomes would lead to deficient expression of MHC II bound to foreign antigen and subsequent lack of interaction between APCs and T cells

27
Q

Effects of epinephrine on insulin secretion

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors inhibit insulin secretion
Beta-2 adrenergic receptors stimulate insulin secretion
The alpha 2 mediated inhibitory effect is generally predominant, causing sympathetic stimulation to lead to overall inhibition of insulin secretion
Following pretreatment with an alpha 2 receptor blocker, epinephrines effect on beta-2 receptors would become dominant, resulting in increased insulin secretion

28
Q

Cyanide Toxicity

A

Can occur in patients treated with nitroprusside
Cyanide toxicity presents with altered mental status, seizures, cardiovascular collapse, lactic acidosis and bright red venous blood
Antidotal treatment of cyanide toxicity can be achieved by 3 different strategies:
1) direct binding of cyanide ions (hydroxocobalamin)
2) induction of methemoglobinemia (sodium nitrite)
3) Use of detoxifying sulfur donors (sodium thiosulfate)

29
Q

First line treatment for major drepessive disorder that does not cause sexual dysfunction

A

Bupropion (norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor)

30
Q

Atropine

A

Indicated for the treatment of bradycardia as it decreases vagal influence on the SA and AV nodes
Common side effect is increased intraocular pressure
It may precipitate acute closed angle glaucoma in susceptible individuals

31
Q

A benign glomus tumor (glomangioma)

A

Very tender, small, red-blue lesion under the nail bed

Originated from the modified smooth muscle cells that control the thermoregulatory functions of dermal glomus bodies

32
Q

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

A

Presents as recurrent, self-limited, painless hematuria within 5 days of an upper respiratory infection
Kidney biopsy will show mesangial IgA deposits on immunofluorescence

33
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Lipid soluble vitamin with antioxidative properties
Neurologic symptoms closely mimic Friedreich ataxia and include ataxia (degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts), loss of position and vibration sense (degeneration of dorsal columns), loss of deep tendon reflexes (peripheral nerve degeneration)

34
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water

A

Loop of Henle

35
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

Most common cause of preventable intellectual disability
Most cases due to thyroid dysgenesis
T4 is responsible for stimulation of protein synthesis and carbohydrate/lipid catabolism in many cells
Asymptomatic at birth (maternal T4), lethargy, poor feeding, constipation, hypotonia, umbilical hernia, protruding tongue, large anterior fontanelle

36
Q

Inferior wall of the heart

A

The inferior wall of the left ventricle forms most of the inferior (diaphragmatic surface of the heart) and is supplied by the POSTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY
IN 85%-95% of individuals, the posterior descending artery derives from the right coronary artery

37
Q

Timolol for open-angle glaucoma

A

Timolol and other non-selective beta blockers work by diminishing the secretion of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium

38
Q

Acetazolamide for open angle glaucoma

A

A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Decreases aqueous humor secretion by ciliary epithelium

39
Q

Prostaglandin F2a (Latanoprost, Travoprost) and Cholinomimetics (Pilocarpine, carbachol) for open angle glaucoma

A

Decrease intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor

40
Q

G6PD Deficiency

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate —> 6-Phosphogluconate

41
Q

Testicular germ cell tumors or gestational trophoblastic disease

A

May develop very high serum hCG concentrations

hCG has a structure similar to TSH, hCG can stimulate TSH receptors and cause hyperthyroidism

42
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A

Cyclic breathing in which apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until the next apneic period
Commonly seen in the setting of advancer CHF

43
Q

Postpartum hemorrhage

A

Bilateral ligation of the internal iliac artery can decrease uterine blood flow and control postpartum hemorrhage that is unresponsive to medical management (uterine massage, uterotonic meds)

44
Q

Reactive arthritis

A

Spondyloarthropathy associated with HLA-B27 that can occur following infection with Chlamydia, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia
Presents with sterile arthritis due to deposition of immune complexes

45
Q

E. coli

A

80% of UTIs
P fimbrae are the most important virulence factor
Motile gram negative rods, demonstrating green metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and hemolysis on blood agar

46
Q

Spleen

A

SYSTEMIC BACTERIAL CLEARANCE
Acts as a blood filter capable of removing circulating pathogens and as a major site of opsonizing antibody synthesis. Asplenic patients are prone to infections caused by encapsulated organisms

47
Q

Urge incontinence/ overactive bladder

A

Caused by uninhibited bladder contractions (detrusor instability)
Rx: antimuscarinic drug (targeting M3 receptors)

48
Q

Health promotion

A

Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants and thereby improve their health

49
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Sudden, painless, PERMANENT monocular blindness

Fundoscopic exam reveals a pale retina and a “cherry-red macula”

50
Q

Potency of an inhaled anesthetic

A

The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of the potency of an inhaled anesthetic. It is the concentration of the anesthetic in the alveoli that renders 50% of patients unresponsive to painful stimuli (ED50). Potency is inversely proportional to the MAC: the lower the MAC, the more potent the anesthetic

51
Q

Negative selection in T cell maturation

A

Essential for eliminating T cells that bind to self MHC or self antigens with overly HIGH AFFINITY
Occurs in the thymic MEDULLA

52
Q

Pilocytic astrocytoma

A 
Most common brain tumor in children
Low grade neoplasms, arise from astrocytes
Have both a CYSTIC and SOLID component
Cerebellum is most common location
Rosenthal fibers
53
Q

Enterococci endocarditis

A

Enterococcus is component of the normal colonic and urogenital flora, capable of growing in hypertonic saline and bile, gamma-hemolytic, catalase-negative, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase-positive.

GU INSTRUMENTATION OR CATHETERIZATION has been associated with entercoccal endocarditis

54
Q

Osteoporosis lab values

A

In primary osteoporosis, serum calcium, phosphorous, and PTH levels are typically in the NORMAL RANGE

UWorld Review (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions