5

Question 1

Item of hardware

Answer 1

Network interface card (NIC)
- Inside each computer or device to connect (allow it to have access) it to the network

Router, which contains:
- Router
- Wireless access point
- Modem

Question 2

IP address

Answer 2

Unique address for each device used to route packets of data

• Each address has a 32-bit number
• It is usually written in denary with a dot separating each byte
• The address allows data to be sent to the correct computer

Question 3

router

Answer 3

• The routing of packets, sends data to specific destination on a network
• It assigns IP addresses if it contains a DHCP server;
• It connects the private/local network to the Internet

Question 4

How are IP address assigned?

Answer 4

• A DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is built to home routers
• When a new device connects to the network it is assigned an IP address by the DHCP server

Question 5

Wireless access point

Answer 5

The wireless access point may be inbuilt to the router – it allows devices to connect wirelessly

Question 6

Modem

Answer 6

A modem will be part of a home router – it converts data from digital to analogue (radio or optical)

Question 7

Explain the need for IP address assignment.

Answer 7

Each computer on the network needs a unique IP address
To join the network, each computer is assigned the IP address that they will use by the router

Question 8

MAC addresses

Answer 8

Each network interface card needs its own Media Access Control Address (MAC address)
The MAC address is given to the NIC when it is manufactured
MAC addresses are used to send data between two terms of hardware on a
network – such as a computer and router

Question 9

State two components to the MAC address

Answer 9

-manufacture code
-serial code

Question 10

first 3 bytes of MAC Address

Answer 10

manufacturer code

Question 11

last 3 bytes of MAC adress

Answer 11

serial code

Question 12

MAC address

Answer 12

Unique identifier for each hardware device permanently put on the device by the manufacturer

Question 13

IPv4 and IPv6

Answer 13

Standards for IP addresses,
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses
- IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses

Question 14

Dynamic and static IP addresses

Answer 14

IP addresses are allocated by the network/ISP and will be the same (static) each time the connection is made, or change (dynamic) each time

Question 15

State one issue with IPv4 that IPv6 fixes.

Answer 15

• IPv4 has a limited set of IP addresses which are improved by IPv6 / far larger address
  range for IPv6
• Improved security with IPv6
• Autoconfiguration with IPv6 / no need for a DHCP server (1).

Question 16

Brute-force attack

Answer 16

– obtaining data, without permission, passing through

Question 17

URL structure

Answer 17

URL- https://www.mywebsite.org/index.html
Protocol - https
Domain name- mywebsite.org
Web page or file- index.html

Question 18

HTTP and HTTPS

Answer 18

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol used to send webpages
- It is unencrypted so not safe for sending personal information
- HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is used to send and receive web pages and form data in an encrypted format

Question 19

HTML

Answer 19

– Hypertext markup language – used to create
web pages

Question 20

Create a list of at least five browser features

Answer 20

Storing bookmarks and favourites; Recording user history
Allowing use of multiple tabs
Storing cookies
Providing navigation tools
Providing an address bar
Rendering (displaying) web pages

Question 22

Explain the difference between session cookies and persistent cookies

Answer 22

Session cookies are deleted after the browser window closes
Persistent cookies remain on the computer until their
expiry date

Question 23

Harmful software includes:

Answer 23

Malware
(viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware
and ransomware)

Question 24

Prevention methods include:

Answer 24

Anti-malware, anti-virus, encryption, acceptable use policies, backup and recovery procedures

Question 25

viruses

Answer 25

They replicate their code in other programs
They infect other computers
They harm the computer by deleting,
corrupting or modifying files

Question 26

worms

Answer 26

They might cause no damage to the attacked computers
They slow down networks
and computers
replicates itself to spread to other computers

Question 27

Trojan horse

Answer 27

They have a program, game or cracked file which is something the user wants
They have negative program code which causes damage, takes control, or provides access to the computer

Question 28

Ransomware

Answer 28

-First encrypts the hard drive of a computer
-The user is unable to read any files
on the computer or run any programs
-The user would need to pay ransom usually by a cryptocurrency such
as bitcoin
- If they pay the ransom, their files should be restored. Otherwise, all
files will be deleted
-The motivation for this attack
is to receive the ransom (money)

Question 29

Spyware

Answer 29

-Spyware is a type of malware
that finds information about
users, their computers or
company information
-The information is then sent to a hacker who is able to misuse it
-The spyware may be hidden inside an app, software, file attachment or malicious website

Question 30

Adware

Answer 30

-Adware is a type of malware that displays large numbers of adverts, often through multiple windows
-In the worst cases, new adverts appear faster than the user is able to close them
-The hacker aims to make money
from users clicking on the adverts

Question 31

Malware

Answer 31

– software that aims to harm computers and/or data

Question 32

Hacking

Answer 32

– Activities that misuse computer systems/networks

Question 33

Phishing

Answer 33

• emails that pretend to be form legitimate companies but actually try to gain personal information

Question 34

Pharming

Answer 34

– Changing DNS records to point to the wrong IP address
- So when browser searches up the web page, it will go to the wrong IP address which is controlled by a hacker
- The hacker will have a web server that serves a fake web page, such as a form for a user to log in to a bank

Question 35

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack or DoS

Answer 35

– flooding a server or network with pointless requests to make it fail or slow down

Question 36

Man-in-the-middle attack
(MITM)

Answer 36

• allows the attacker to intercept data communications between the user and server.
  -Meaning hacker can then
  eavesdrop to find passwords and personal information

Question 37

found

Answer 37

Criminals sometimes leave a USB stick containing malware in a public place such as a company car park
Someone may pick it up and insert it into their computers so malware can now install onto the computer so that and hacker can gain access to you files and information

Question 38

Brute-force attack

Answer 38

– trying all possible passwords until the correct one is found

Question 39

Reducing threats on mobile devices

Answer 39

• Use the password feature and choose a strong password
• Make sure the data is encrypted
• Do not follow links in suspicious emails
• Think carefully before posting your mobile phone number on public websites
• Don’t install apps without researching them first –
  if they require unnecessary extra permissions, don’t install them
• Delete all information stored on your mobile before discarding