Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CS > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Input devices

A

Laptop: keyboard, buttons, microphone
Smartphone: microphone, buttons, GPS sensor, touch part of the touchscreen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Output devices

A

Laptop and smartphone: speakers, display

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Processing

A

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The main components
of a computer

A

-Input devices
-Output devices
-Main memory
-Secondary storage
-CPU (central processing unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The purpose of the CPU

A

it has to execute and processing all of the instructions and data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Von Neumann architecture

A

Used the concept of ‘stored program computer’ which allowed the instructions and data to be stored in the same memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Components of the CPU

A

Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
Register

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Control Unit (CU)

A

The control unit coordinates and controls all of the activities taking place within the CPU
- It decodes instructions and executes them
- It receives signals from the system clock
- It directs the timing and control of other parts of the CPU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A

The ALU is where the actual arithmetic operations are done (can be more than one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Registers in the CPU

A

Program Counter (PC)
Memory Address Register (MAR)
Memory Data Register (MDR)
Current Instruction Register (CIR)
Accumulator (ACC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

The Program Counter stores the address of the next instruction to be executed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Memory Address Register (MAR)

A

The MAR stores the address of the current instruction being executed and the address of the data that
needs to be accessed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A

The MDR holds first the instruction, and then the data (if any) to be used in the instruction, copied from RAM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Current Instruction Register (CIR)

A

The CIR stores the instruction currently being executed or decoded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Accumulator (ACC)

A

The accumulator (ACC) is where arithmetic and logic results are temporarily stored (result from ALU calculation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fetch – Decode – Execute
system is used by the CPU

A

FETCH – causes the next instruction and any data involved to be fetched from main memory
DECODE – decodes the instruction
EXECUTE – the instruction is executed
REPEAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Register

A

a fast memory located in CPU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The CPU operates on a cycle.
What is the name of this cycle?

A

Fetch-decode-execute cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the different stages of the cycle

A

Fetch: The CPU fetches the next instruction to be executed from main memory.

Decode: It decodes the instruction

Execute: The processor carries executes the instruction.

THE PROCESS IS REPEATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Factors affecting CPU performance

A

Clock speed
Number of cores
Cache size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clock speed

A
  • Cycles per second
    measured in hertz (Hz)
  • Everything in a computer happens on the pulse of the internal clock
  • Therefore, the faster the clock speed, the faster the instructions are processed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Processor of cores (A dual-core computer)

A

A dual-core processor has the potential to perform two instructions at the same time
This allows twice as many instructions to be executed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cache

A
  • Cache is a small amount of very fast, expensive memory in the CPU
  • It can be accessed faster than regular main memory (RAM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Difference of Cache and RAM

A

-RAM is relatively slow memory to access as it is further away from the processor than cache
-Program instructions and data that are fetched are stored in cache in case they are needed again soon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The benefits of cache

A

cache is available extremely quickly (faster than RAM)

26
Q

How does clock speed affect performance?

A

if the clock speed increases there will be more instruction per second, more Hz. This means that CPU performance will be better.

27
Q

How does number of cores affect performance?

A

increase the number of chores the performance of a CPU is better

28
Q

How does cache affect performance?

A

if Cache size increases more data can be loaded and stored so CPU can access data quicker which can increase performance

29
Q

Levels of cache memory

A

Level 1- cache is extremely fast but small
Level 2- It is very fast, but a little slower than Level 1 cache
Level 3- cache is the slowest type of cache, but still faster than RAM. (can store more data)

30
Q

Describe how the use of cache in a computer system can affect the
performance of the CPU.

A

Cache is faster to transfer data from than RAM .
The processor will first try to access data in cache.
Cache has different levels. The faster levels are tried first.Increasing the amount of cache will increase the number of hits which will increase the performance of the CPU.

31
Q

What are buses?

A

A bus is a collection of wires through which data or control signals are transmitted from
one component to another.

32
Q

Types of buses?

A

Address bus- Responsible for transferring theaddressof the
memory or device to be read from or written to.

Control bus- Carries control signals to coordinate the activities of the CPU

Data bus- carries data throughout the computer system

33
Q

Embedded system

A

a single processor that includes, RAM, ROM and processor as one unit

34
Q

Car embedded systems

A

Interior fans and temperature
Interior lighting

35
Q

Other embedded systems

A

Security systems
Lighting systems
Vending machines

36
Q

Opcode and operands

A

The opcode is the instruction and the operands are the values that the instruction works on

37
Q

ACSII and Unicode

A

(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) has become the standard code, used worldwide

38
Q

Types of primary storage

A

RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)

39
Q

RAM

A

-RAM stores programs or data that are running
-It is directly accessed by the CPU
-RAM is volatile as it loses data if the power is off

40
Q

ROM

A
  • non-volatile (permanent memory)
  • stores basic startup instructions for a computer, e.g. basic input/output system (BIOS).
  • data contents can only be read; cannot be altered.
41
Q

What is initially stored in the RAM

A
  • Operating system
    -When applications or programs are loaded, they are copied into RAM from the hard drive
42
Q

What happens when RAM runs out of space?

A

Virtual memory is part of the hard drive used as an extension to RAM

An area of a hard drive / secondary storage is allocated to be virtual memory.

If more programs/data needs to be stored in RAM than there is space for some programs/data can be copied to virtual memory to free up space

Programs may then be swapped between RAM and virtual memory

43
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of virtual memory

A

it is cheap and help with storage but is very hard and slow to access

44
Q

Explain why increasing the amount of RAM will improve the performance of a PC.

A

It will be better because you can load more data to the RAM meaning the CPU can access more data faster

45
Q

Secondary storage

A

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Solid State Drive (SSD)

46
Q

Storage methods

A

Magnetic: Mechanical parts move over the disks surface to read and write data magnetically, or a drive head reads a magnetic tape

Optical: Lasers read and write data using light

Solid State: Data is recorded onto solid memory chips without any moving parts

47
Q

advantages and disadvantages for Magnetic storage

A

Cheap, large storage capacities

Lots of mechanical parts, durability an issue, not very portable

48
Q

magnetic storage work

A
  1. Data is stored on a platter (magnetic surface coated with iron particles) which are divided into tracks.
  2. The platter is spun.
  3. Have actuator heads that contain electromagnets.
  4. The actuator moves across the storage media.
49
Q

Offline secondary storage

A
  • CD/DVD/DVD-ram (optical storage devices)
  • Blu ray disks
  • USB flash memories.
  • external HDD or SSD.
50
Q

optical storage advantages and disadvaantages

A

Advantages:
Cheap, very easily portable, takes up little space physically

Disadvantages:
Less storage capacity compared to other types
Easily damaged / scratched, requires a CD reader
Slow write speeds

51
Q

advantages and disadvantages of solid state storage

A

Advantages:
Highly durable, no moving parts, very fast read/write speeds, no noisy fan or drive arm, faster start up times

Disadvantages:
More expensive than magnetic hard disks, similar storage capacity as magnetic disks

52
Q

Flash memory

A

Describe how a floating gate is used to store one bit of data.
- The floating gate stores data by trapping electrons inside it. This allows current to flow or not flow depending whether the electrons are trapped. If electrons are trapped a 0 is stored in the cell and if no electrons are trapped a 1 is stored in the cell

Describe how control gates are used to write a 1 to the memory cell.
-A negative voltage is applied to the control gate causing the electrons to be able to travel through the isolation layer. This results in no electrons in the floating layer. When no electrons are located in the floating gate the current is able to flow (from source to drain), which indicates that a 1 is stored in the memory
cell.

53
Q

structure of flash memory

A
  • control gate on top
    -isolating layer
    -floating layer
    -isolating layer on bottom
54
Q

cloud storage

A

Storing data on the Internet, remote storage provided by a company

55
Q

scalability

A

The ability to easily increase the size of computing storage

56
Q

redundancy

A

where multiple copies of files are stored in different locations

57
Q

data centre

A

centralised collection of servers stored inside a building

58
Q

Describe how cloud storage enables students to access their files.

A

Students would need Internet access to be able to access their files. To save a file, the file would be uploaded to the cloud storage provider. It will then be stored on a remote
server which is located at a data centre. The file may be replicated at a number of different locations for redundancy. To open the file, it will first need to be downloaded.

59
Q

Explain two advantages of using cloud storage for students’ files.

A

Students will be access their files from anywhere with an Internet connection allowing
them to access resources when not in school.
Storage space can be increased without buying new servers / scalability.
Data stored in multiple locations / redundancy meaning that it is highly unlikely for data to be lost

60
Q

Explain one disadvantage of using cloud storage for students’ files.

A

If the cloud storage provider had an outage / the Internet connection is lost to the school and students wouldn’t be able to access any of their files.
With many students trying to access files at the same time it may take a long time to download/access them leading to frustration and loss of time.

CS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions