5-10 Flashcards
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Cold Adaptations extremities
Tucking tail inside or wing inside
Cold adaption How an Animal breaths
mouth close (breath through the nose counter-current vessels in snout)
Cold adaptation Bird sleep (roost site)
Coniferous tress offere more warmth. especially when conifers are coverd with snow. Some Brithds sleep inside tree cavities
— flying squirrels do this too, thye huddle in groups and roll tother. Racoons and mice do this huddle too
cold shelters for cold adaptation
Muskrat lodge, beavers also build lodges. They use Mud for this. Snow hleps to insulate, they have a breathing “hole” or “chimney” for air exchange
Subnivean space
ice crystals at the bottom of the snow where it’s warmer. (mice and squirrels)
Snow Bed - Birds
some birds will dive under the snow to stay warm Ruffed Grouse.
Cold adapation BASK
baksing it the sun can be done while sleeping too. Owls do this.
Chikadee are endothermic
on cold nights they lower body temprature by 12 degrees and enter deep sleep called torpor. Shivering is also part of thermoegeneis
Shiviering and Thermogensis
ecotherms below zero
Snake go below frost line and become dormant.
Dormancy = behvaioural freeze avoidance
hiberneculum is the area where they stay
adult turtles and most hatchlings escape subezero temprature by going to bottom of lake. so do most frogs. AMERICAN TOAD and SALAMANDERS do this too.
Insects above freeze line
some insects go dormant by using glycerol = cyroprotectant which keeps their body from freezing like anit-feeze caterpillars.
many over winter as eggs. Praying mantis OOTHECA - no water in the egg
insects overwinter
as larva (woolybear use glycerol (cyprotectant) when no ice forms inside the body (supercooling)
other survrive winter as adults (females wasps, mosquitos and bumbles bees)
angle winger spend winter in butterfly stage, silkmoths overwinter as pupa in a cocoon.
Goldengall - fly grub - Freeze tolerance
it’s froze but alive, the ice forms int he space between the cells but not in the cell.
cryoprotectants inside the cell, ice nuleating sites between them. This is free TOLERANCE
downy woodpeckers and black-capped chiakdees extract gubs and goldrenrod galls
Herps (herpatilles) feezing temps
gray tree frongs stay near soil surace and freeze. so do wood frogs, spring peepers an chorus frogs. They are all freeze tolerant.
Snapping turtles are not, not supercool. they use behaviour freeze avoidance. they often spend winter in dormant state where a stream enters a lake (more oxygen) hatchings in the fall
Painted turrtles are only freeze tolerant as hatchlings
Endotherems can’t freeze so some become dormant
racoons undergo lethargy. they can lower their heart rate and go into deep sleep in shelterd den,but they also wake up easily on warm days. Porcupines also do this.
Chipmunks undergo Topor = low heart rate and low temperature, but awaken every few days, and they have chambers for food and poo every few days.
bats do to. their heart rate can go down to 20-30 their body temp goes to 5 degrees.
Blackbears winter
lower heart rate to 8pm but thye keep a high body tempreature 30 deegrees anre they’re easily awoken. This is not true hibernation. Bears nest is a sign of bears waking up. They like beachnuts and american beech nuts. when they leaves in spring they’re are still fat.
What is the TAPPEN
bear rectal plug for winter den
True hibernation
must got into deathlike state. Groundhogs and Jumping Mice
Sub zero - mobility and physical adaptions
moose have very logn legs (2m) which helps them throuhg the snow.
Snowshoe hare have large surface area, back feet work as snowshoe area. northern weasals like Fisher and American Marten have that too. … some birds like ruffed grouse have that. they’re snowshoes are scales on the sides of their feet (ruffed grouse grow this ever autumn). PTARMIGAN have dense feathers that grow aroudn their feet.
Behavioual Adapations (solution)
small mamals through subnivean space.
white tailed dears - yard together t get the snow down,
wolves - travel together and walk in single file
Otters - have shorts legs, and they slide on bellies toboggan, MINK alwso do this.
Sub zero adaptation (MIGRATION)
canada geeze and ducks migrate.
montarch migrate
commob green darner dragonfly migrates to atlantic coast line
red bads migrate.
SONGBIRDS migrate for food source.
sandpiper need to migrate to unfrozen sand
SCARLET TANGERS fly all the way to brazil
ARTIC TERN migrate to artic and antartica and africa.
RED KNOT is the long distance champiions
BAR TAILED - GODWID - fly from Alaska to New Zeeland.
Bird migration and FAT
Fat fuels birds during migration. Sandpipers double their bodyweight in 10 days. songbirds put on 10% of their body weigth. Lotos of birds (songbirds) travel at night because wind is calm and cooler and it’s safrer. Blue Jays are one of the few songs birds who migrate durring the day.
Big birds of pray migrate durring the day
hawks, eagles and vultutes becuase they use eddies and thermals to soar up high. The process is known as thermal hopping. Thermals are created by sun. these big birds tend to have slotted wing feathers that work for extra lift
Migration Swallows
Migrate durring the day. eat flying instects as they migrate. Hummingbirds migrate durring th day too.. Sandpipers travel day and night.
Migration navigation
some daytime navigators use the sun, and landforms. at night moon and consellations.
INDIGO BUNTIN and EMLEN - visual guids are not alwasy visble so both diurnal and noctunal migrants use earths magnetic field. Some photpigments found in birds retina reacts to light but they also adapt to magnetic fiels. ROHDOSPIN and CRYPTOCHROME are photopigments.
Why do geeze fly in a V
because it less tubrulent there are they get free lift.
