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Biology1902 > 10-15 > Flashcards

10-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Bills

A

Loons also use there bills to impale fish just like Herons do

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2
Q

Mergansers

A

Ducks that eat fish, their bills are serrated so they can hold on to slippery fish

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3
Q

Diving Ducks have

A

short legs, so there feet are tucked underwater for diving, butit’s a probelm for take off and they need to run along the top of the water.

DABBLER ducks (filter feeders) don’t have that problem

double breasted cormorant - hook tipped bill helps it hold onto fish

common terms dive headfirst - have dive head first

belted kingfisher

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4
Q

TALONS

A

ospery scales…. and other birds of prey can turn there talons so the fish are aerodynamic

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5
Q

TEETH

A

otters and raccons have modified incisors that help capture prey. Thesea re powerd but hugetemporalis muslces… opposite of herbavores

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6
Q

Insects don’t have have teeth but

A

but they do have mandibles
TIGER BEETLES have highly modified mandibles for grabing prey

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7
Q

Frogs tongues / no teeth

A

Tongue flick, bottom part is sticky… eye also help them swallow by pushing inside to push the prey down inside.

Woodpeckers have tongues with barbs on them and sticky saliva.

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8
Q

LEGs

A

spides are have sticky hair on their legs, Mantids have hair that can peirce… aka raptorial legs

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9
Q

CAputre InCISORS

A

once you capture you must kill. Canines can be used in different ways.

Fox/coyotes - SHAKE and Break

Woves - Slash and Shock. which allows them to take bigger prey

weasels - bite into the braincase

Cats - bite the neck

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10
Q

RAPTORIAL BILLS

A
  • can be used to kill with the meathook tip.

SHRIKES are a songbird with raptorial beaks

birdhawks (accipiter) kill by squeezing and walking on the prey with the talons, trying to peiece the heart or organ.

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11
Q

Swallow while alive

A

Snake, jawbones that deatch.

but Milksnake and grey rat snake CONSTRICT

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12
Q

Poison vs venoms

A

Venon is injected toxin
poison is eaten toxin

mississisauge rattler injectors

CRAB SPIDERS and ASSASSIN bugs inject toxins.

ROBBER FLy has a stabbing mouth part.

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13
Q

Bird and Mammal toxins

A

No bird, but Short tailed shrew does have toxins

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14
Q

Indigestible parts

A

Spiders slurp inside and toss the rest away.

Birds - selective feeding

Black Bears - don’t eat hair or hide, they skin their prey

Fisher vs Porcupine- fisher is so fast it runs. around it over and over and skins it form the stomach out, leaving a hide

Wolves ingest hair and bones,… an there scat is wrapped in hair to protect agains the sharp parts.

Owls are similar. Owl pellets can be 12 hours later.

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15
Q

Fighting back and BIOACCULUMLATION

A

deer will fight back with their hooves

bioaccumulation
loon botulism. builds up in highter specsis - peregrin falongs.

HUMANS are a big danger too..but the number one danger is starvation… (ak natual selection)

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16
Q

Scavengers

A

Faculative and Obligative

gulls, foxes, weasels and ravens are faculaitve. (often seasonally)

but turkey vultures are oblagative… their adaptive functions are

-no feathers on heat
-raptor bill and big NOSTRILS to smell carrion
- large ofactory bulbs
- fly slow to allow them to smell. gliding and smelling t conserve engery - dyhedreal wings

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17
Q

Communal roosting

A

information transfer and gaining information.

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18
Q

Obligate scavengers

A

blow flies, green bottle flies, usually larvae stage.

carrion beetle. - owrk together to move dead animals

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19
Q

phoretic or phoresy

A

hitchike

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20
Q

necorphagus

A

diet of dead animals.

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21
Q

parsite vs parasitoid

A

host is left alive.
ecto parasite (outside animal)
leechers and ticks, and mooseticks are ectoparasites

moose rubs or btes itself and looses a lot of fur

black legged deertick - lyme disease.

some mites are ectoparasites too… arrcnurus - are on the nymphs of dragon and damsel flies in water.

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22
Q

bird ectoparasites

A

mites
and flat flies that can get between feathers . Bat ‘s have flat flies too.

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23
Q

flies

A

black, dear, horse,deer, mosquitos are not parasites because they don’t depend on blood as primary diet, it is only when the female needs it for larvae

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24
Q

clams

A

are kind of ecoparasites - clams in the baby stage clamp onto fish gills. with a fish lure (glochidium/glochidia)

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25
Q

ticks and mights go questing

A

with a hallers organ that searches for humidity, moisture and carbon dioxade

ticks have hypostome - barb and other special mouth parts for holding on and penetrating.

lamprey fish- great lakes….weird teet but also have anti coagulants to keep the blood flowing

flat flys have claws.

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26
Q

Ectoparasite problems

A

the host dies, hypothermia, or the host removes them… aka a heron grooms i with a pectinate toe comb…. beavers have a split toe

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27
Q

EndoParasites

A

Deer have brains worms, that are neomoids that snails are INTERMEDIATE HOSTS,… get into the spinal chord and then poop out…

if moose get it they get the blind staggers… moooser are not native to NA so they haven evolved to take the deer brain worm like deer.

DEFINITIVE HOST is where the parasite reproduces

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28
Q

ROBINS CHIPMUNKS

A

robins are definitive hosts for FLUKES… which get into snails and make them change colours like a grub.

FLY grubs.
mouse CUTEREBRA - or bot fly
a good parasite doens’t kill it’s host.

most endo parasites are small

parasitic castration - change the behaviour so no hormone wanting to breed.

parasits also have problems, no intermediate hots, may not be found.

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29
Q

Parasitoid

A

kills hosts. usually only in the larval stages.

craconid wasp
tachinid fly
fleshflies
thred waster flys
spiders wasp
digger bees
great gold wasp
cerceris digger wasp

OVIPOSITOR - give or inject the eggs.

megaRHYSSA - drill into bark to feed pigeon horntails

specialized pelecinid wasps lays eggs on june beetles.

turtles have a flesh fly

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30
Q

What happens when food is hard to come by.

A

food shortages - dormancy and hibernation
but also migration) - if it’s predicitable

but seeds, nuts, berries, fruit, small mammals might not be predictable food supply.

the solution is to be nomadic

bohemian waxwings are nomadic . couls also be irruptive appear all at once.

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31
Q

Owls are CROPUSCULAR

A

will eat and hunt at dawn or dusks

they also sit on their foot to warm i up

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32
Q

Northern shrike

A

impale their food, also called butcher birds… this a is a LARDER for their food.

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33
Q

SLugs and snails are

A

amongts the only animals to use enzymes to digest celluose…

bird gizzards are analogus to mamalls cheeks.

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34
Q

unpredictable food shortage

A

eruption -when animals go to an area where they aren’t usually. That is an eruption

predators kill. when can store food like shrikes impale. owls thaw out with body heat

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35
Q

predicatble food shortage

A

grey squriels, don’t hibernate - SCATTER seeds over MANY CHACHES…

these are Scatter Hordings. - how do they find scent/memory?

Canada Jay - dont migrate the store food in scatter cache, catter horde 1000’s of different items like caterpillars, mushrooms, fruit bits.

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36
Q

Adaptations for storing food - BIRDS

A
  1. enlarged salavary glands
    2.sticky saliva glues things to branches
    3.nest early, allows young to hatch and leave early.
  2. large hipocampus for excellent spatial memory.

chicakadee’s, blue jays - claims their hippocampus grows before winter to rememerb

37
Q

Middens

A

red squirrel - cones of coniferous trees, larger stashes called middens = in the dozens

scatter caches are in the 100’s

re squierls - dry out mushrooms

chimpunks c- cache underground - bear poop seeds from cherry pits.

38
Q

Beaver

A

central caches or food pile -

good stuff is on the bottom, they pull it from the bottom. lower value food on the top

poplar=aspen is their favorite

tails over the ice, and drag trails through the wood.

beavers break ice with back of their heads

39
Q

Plants food savers

A

most plants maker their own food through photsynthesis

autotrophs - make they’re own food

40
Q

Plant nutrional needs

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
calcium
water
sulight

41
Q

Peatland (partly decatyed plant remains)

A

nutrient poor

fens - through moving water
bogs - rain

42
Q

fungal partner (heath family)

A

mycelia (roots)
mycorrhizal assocaition
mycorrhizae

ORCHID –> endomycorrhizae

for tress in bogs like spruce (sheeth and roots ectomycorrhizae)

helps increase uptake of nutrients especially N+P

also prevetns toxic componounds

43
Q

Alders

A

have different solution for nutrients
root nodules - with bacteria that fix nitrogen

44
Q

carniverous (steel nitrogen from animal bodies)

A

sundews - roundleaf, spikeleaf, linear leaf, great sundew,

outhairs - sticky (adhesive traps)
shorter hair

unzymes to digest

BUTTERWORT - adhesive trap
PTICHER PLANT - downard pointing hairs (pitfall traps) that would eat slamander…

… but even ehere fly grub live in enzymes of pitcher plant.

45
Q

BLADDERWORt

A

underwater leaves or suction traps (UTRICLES) bladder vaccum

uticular minor - purple bladder wort

46
Q

SUNLIGHT - shade is a problem

A
  • larger leaves to get more sunlight
  • round leaf orchid
  • uslaly lie flat to capture more light from sky
  • this requires less engery to make photosynsiss
  • thin chlorophll disperses quicker
  • also blocks out the competition

hookers orchids
hobble bush - massive leafs
praying hands of hobble bush

47
Q

Chrlophylll green

A

A sunny gree B Shade yellow (orange spectrum)

48
Q

Colony group - plants - solve shade problem

A

cany increase surface of underground root system

bunch berry - lots of leaves

spouting gorwth - colony growth

49
Q

phototropism

A

move towards the sun
VINES grow on top of other plans , so do wild cucumber - they have tendrils. that are thigmotropic

thigmo = greek for touch

50
Q

Trilliums

A

solve problem by blooming before leafs of the competition open up to take advantage of sunlight.

Spring EMPHEMRALS - shortime

dangers of blooming early - late frost, or pollunators dont’ come out in time

51
Q

RattleSnake plantain

A

green chlorophyll = photosynthesis carbon

mycorrhizae that steel from other plants

autotroph - mycorrhizae -
hetrotroph - can’t make their own food
mixotrophs

corolroolts almost scavengers - mycoherertroph

52
Q

Ghost pipe

A

no green - no chlorphylll
mycorrhizal assocations

carbon sugar comes from other living plants - it loves like a parasite

holoparasite = all your food comes from elsewhere

myconetrotrph - one flower - cancer root - no leaves, no mycorrhizae
takes chemisals from (strigulacates) attracts fungus from mycorrhizal
huasoria holo parasite - witches broom - dwarf mistletoe

53
Q

TOO much Sun

A

small leaves like buttercup, angle upwards 45%

hightly disected leaves to reduce surface area

54
Q

Reproduction

A

Asexual vs Sexual (more variation)

interna vs External (sperm resides outside, not always gaurenteed to work)

FIsh - external
Frog - external - Amplexus hold

but most animals use internal (believe it or not some internal don’t happen at the sametime)

55
Q

Hermaphadytes

A

frest water sponges
clams
never needing a mate doubles the chance of reproducing

earthworms are hermaphytes

slugs and snails too, but they usually still meet with a mate to exchange sperm
they havea. intromitten organ _ penis - LOVE DART

56
Q

spingtails = snowflies

A

algae on to of snow

57
Q

spermatophores

A

package of sperm
interact without meeting eacother

ferncula = to leap

58
Q

male spider snakes

A

have palps or peidpalps - intromitten organ - not allone peins - BOXING GLOVES

snaks have two intromitten organs - HEMIPENIS - one side and the other side

cats penis - stimulation barbs

59
Q

INTROMITTEN penis

A

is stored away inflated with BLOOD or liquid…

because penis would cause drag in the air or water

60
Q

baculum

A

penis bone

primates, bats, rodents - not humans

61
Q

cloaca

A

cloaca kiss
most birds dont’ have a penis

62
Q

Barnacles are

A

hermaphydites. they hava wondering penis that 40x body length

63
Q

Mating / Advertizing

A

audiotry - nonvocal - woodpecker drums speics specific

ruffed grous drum with wings on top of longs

wilsons snipes - tailes feather vibrate to make cool sound called WINNOW - manic laughter sound

chrickets/grasshopes - striculater or rub body parts together -ornthoperi

tree crikets us a leaf as amplifier

cerpitate - grasshoper flick and close fan, like a fan

cycada tymbals - bottle cap muscles- they need heat thats why you never hear them in the cold

64
Q

Vocal sounds

A

toads and frogs inflate vocal sack.
resonation chamber. doesn’t make the sound it amplifies the sound.
some have 1 or 2 - leopard frogs have two

tympanum

male bullfrogs are bigger than their eyes, females are smaller

65
Q

Birds auditory attraction

A

we’ve lost 50% of birds in 50 years.

SYRINX - junction + air sack
allows it to play two songs at once
Labia - 100% of air used for sounds

Bird songs have two diferent fuctions
1 declare territory
2 mating to attract mates
sometimes same song, somtimes differe song

66
Q

Female choise

A

is major part of sexual selection that drives evolution

females are listening
sexual seleciton - female choice
natural selection - weeding out charactreristics

Moose calls for bulls

67
Q

Vocal advertisment (moose calls)

A

Rut moose calls
low frequency from female
antlers - ears towards antlers to pick up call

bulls thrash vegistaion with antlers to warn over bulls

68
Q

Moose antlers

A

badges
dead bone (takes a lot metabolically to grow)
tines=points
palm=flat
old=short
-fall off (shed) after mating season
velvet (wolrlds fastest growing tissues). they scrape off the velvet 4 MONTHS
6-9 years have the most imporessive antlers

DEFORMED antlers are signof poor health and status

69
Q

Disadvantage of auditory adverstisment

A

-predators and cheaters(sateliite males)

70
Q

More Antlers

A

diffuse agressesion,
biggers scares off
sparing
alot of sparring happens after the rut
sign of sex selection.
antler eye injuries, or punctune o the side

Moose keeps and protects female for day of sex. Only hapeens for one day of the year. Keeps her close.

71
Q

Visual choice

A

female choise is powerful natural selection

MALE birds look more colourful

Wilsons’ Pholorope _ rare female reversed dimorphisim - they are also polyandrus - multiple makes one femal.

Mallards - females always go for greenest head and yellowish bill, it reveals health, age and no parasites.

brightly coloured male
- fewer parasites,
-better diet more healthy ( better foragers for finding food)

72
Q

Ornament bill

A

puffns have plates on bills (grooves)
these are badges of status and maturity.
more grooves means he’sa better hunters he is. Males help find food.

73
Q

Dobson fly and other - ornoments and other visual advertizing

A

visual adversting - ritualized dispaly courtship

hood display - hooded merganser

Male ruffed groupse use neck ruff and tail dispaly

aerial display - midgest swarm

ebony jewel wing (odonate) - green insect (iridescent) - female shows off she like by flapping her wings over her back)

fireflies use morse code of light (actually beetles ) areial display)

Swans - synchronized displays.

sandhill cranes - dancees ritualized displays

`

74
Q

LEKS communal display

A

turkeys - males all at once

carunkle
snood
beard
tail display

sharp-tailed grouse
communal dispaly -ground

combs neck sock dance.

75
Q

Pheromens (chemical advertisments)

A

sex pheomones
- MOOOSE - flemen position with jacobsons orongs

females and males both use pheomones - rut pits/wallow pits

Moose mate once a year for only 24 hrs at a time. Usually at night

OTTERS - femeals urinate - rolls in the urine

SNAKES - female use pherone trails - no courtship

76
Q

Insect pheromones

A

are prevelent in the insect world
(net wing bugs)
men are usally the most visual again.
female moths adverstize with pheromones
they release PLUMES the ceropic moth

polypherus SILK moth - antenna have 4 million sensory pores

77
Q

Pheromones 2nd use - stimulation

A

porcupines pee on females for stimulation

rabit hare do the same… or is it marking their territory (females)

78
Q

Courtship (gift giving)

A

CEDAR WAXWING - male give food stuff

TERNS give food fish

edible courshipt gift (spiders, scorpian flies, damsal flies) - give food to avoid being eaten by female. It safe for predatory speciese

MARSH WRENS Male - give pseudo-nets / dummy nests

male BASS and BLUE GILLS - give nets too… shallow depressions

bluegill sunfish - 3 forms of male /2 forms of satilites (big male, immature male, fake female)

79
Q

Paternity MOOSE and ODONATES

A

contact guarding durring matting period.

“wheel position” or “heart” position.

Claspers specsis specific - upper set and lower set (Lock and Key)

odonate contact guarding may remove competitors sperm - guarding.

80
Q

paternity - Long copulation

A

enough time to make sure sperm gets to the eggs

FOX
walking sticks - 1+2 days (male claspers)

81
Q

paternity PLUG opening

A

copulatory plug
beetles - headless sperm - jam up opening or a giant sperm plug)

mosquito cement plug and add anti-aphrodsiacs to the plug

garter snakes too - anti aphrodisicas

  • thousands of headless sperms,
  • chemcical anti aphrodisiacs
  • one giant plug
82
Q

HoneyBee intermittent

A

genitalia explodes (sometimes three in one female)

reproduction is an effort find immortality.

83
Q

Plant Sex

A

plants can’t move to find a mate like animals

but thankfully most produce sperm and eggs. Most are hermaophrodites

FLOWERS are sex machines

84
Q

FLOWER sex organs

A

MALE - stamens (long thing) Anthers (produce the sperm)

FEMALE - STIGMA (sticky received sperm STYLE(big neck) OVARY(eggs)

yes plants have intermitten organs - Polen grains.which consists of TWO sperms - embryo and food embryo and tube nucleus

a double fertilization event.

PERFECT FLOWERS = when thy ave two sexes

85
Q

POLEN - how to move it ANEMOPHILLY

A

Anemophily - moved by the wind
- grass, seeds, ragweed, conifeous trees

polen neds to be LIGHT - wind delivery is not gaurenteed so you need lots and lotsof see pollen

HYDROPHILLY = pond weed, water is not gaurenteed either.

86
Q

POLinators = ENDOPHILLY

A

insects = BEEs, FLIES, moths, Beetles
- needs to be light and sticky
- flowers bribing insets as pollen is food.

87
Q

Some flowers offer only polen

A

upside down usualy,
anther - poricidal pore,
fuse anther core
buzz polinated flowers
bee’s buzz poliated into sticky ball

nectar= sugar water

88
Q

quizz reminder

A

most scavendgers are not obligate

cuterbear not - mice/chipmunks

sparring moose dominance , not mating

carrion beetles don’t burry aimals before they eat them.

Biology1902 (3 decks)

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