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Biology1902 > 1-5 > Flashcards

1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

When harmless mimic copy a MODEL. There is fewer mimics than models. Monarch and Viceroy (although). Bumble bee and Hovery Fly. Bald faced Hornet, hovery fly. Raspbery crown borer moth that looks like a bee

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2
Q

Müllerian Mimicry

A

When mulitple Well-Defended specsis look a like. Unrelatead animals.

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3
Q

CAMOUFLAGE

A
  1. Background Matching
  2. Disruptive Patterns
  3. Masquerade

They all require animal to be cyrptic and still to work

Camouflage = concealment

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4
Q

Different habitats offer different opportunities to for concealment

A

Grasslands (vertical stripes) Sparrow (savanah and song)

Cattail marches (vertical stripes) American Bitten. Killdeer is BG matches (aka the general pattern on the animal matches the enviroment)

Forests ( Bark and dappled light and dark like sunlight on forest floor), Ruffed Grouse, Spruce Grouse. Notice its when they’re on the forest floor in their nests. (cryptic and vulnerable)

Grey tree frog can also change colour to match bark. It’s a Bark or BG mimic

Seasonal change too. - like snowshoe hair.

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5
Q

Disruptive patterns (colour patterns for concealment) that break up the shape of the animal

A

many song birds have an EYELINE or EYESTRIPE.

Killdeer have breast bands
Canada Goose - chin strap
Loon - a necklace
Raccoons - mask
Leopard Frog -

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6
Q

Shape Camouflage - MASQUERADE

A

Angle winged butterfly (looks like a dead leaf)
Giant
Inchword is a twig mimic.
Katydids look like leaves
Walking sticks look like twigs
Tree hoppers are thorn mimcs

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7
Q

Poop Mimics

A

Giant Swallowtail catepillar

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8
Q

Loopers (adding parts of the enviroment to hide you

A

Spittle bugs feed on plant juices and blow bubbles as they release body waste. The bubbels help conceal them.
Wooly Aphids create a mass of wool around their body and hide in there.
Scarlet lily leaf beetles larvae - have a poop sack that grows around their bodies

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9
Q

Bicolouration

A

Whirligig beetles spin around on wallter. They are black on top and light on the bottom.

There is also a bug called backswimmers that colored the opposite and swim on their backs.

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10
Q

Startle Patterns

A

They are hidden untill needed. Often when BG matching fails. Underwing moths open their wings to reveal intense/bright coloured lines (sometimes, yellow, red, orange) Sphinx moths and eyespots, so do polyphemus and IO moths.

Also consider Gray Tree Frogs with the yellow patterns on their hindlegs and Red bellied snakes

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11
Q

Countershading (self shadow concealment)

A

Upper parts of the animal are darker, and lower parts are lighter. Allowing for them to look my uniform when the sun is creating shadows on them. White tailed deers.

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12
Q

Startle Structures

A

Osmetarium - Giant Swallow Tail Caterpillar (poop mimic, that lets off a bad smell)

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13
Q

Startle Sounds

A

Beaver and Ruffed Grouse

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14
Q

Eyespots

A

Eyed Elater beeter and (eastern) Tiger Swallowtail. They make the animal look bigger then they are

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15
Q

Startle pattern second function

A
  1. to startle 2. to distract. Some people call these deflection patterns. To deflect a predatore attack to an nonvital part of the body. Fake anetnna’s and heads are examples of this. The hairstreak butterfly and Swallowtail butterfiles are examples of this
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16
Q

Autonomy

A

Five ring skink Break off their tail and grow it back.

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17
Q

Body Armour

A

Naceus Millipede and snails have calcium shells.

Exoskeletons are examples of this.

Clams have bivales shells

Blanding Turtle have yellow necks and can pull their head and arms and tails inside. A turles top shell is it’s CARAPACE. The bottome shell is the PLASTRON.

Snapping turtles cannot fully pull into their shells.

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18
Q

Group Body armour

A

Eastern tent Caterpillars. They feed a night in the safety of the dark. Occur in late spring and summer

Fall webworm also built silk tens but are active durring the day.

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19
Q

Physcial defense (hair)

A

a lot of caterpillars are covered in soft hairs that make them less appetizing. These hairs can be turned into spines. The Wooly Bear caterpillar and Io moth catepillar are examples of this. Though the IO moth caterpillar is poisonous (green). Io moth has eyes

Some mammals use hair for defense too. Like porcupine quills. These are modified guard hairs. 20,000 quils with antibiotic grease on them.

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20
Q

Chemical Defences

A

Poison Spines —> hairs and poison. Io moth caterpillars have green poisonous spines.

Chemically armed animals are usualy brightly coloured as a warning. Milkweek tussok are an example of this too.. They’re have weird colourful haris. And Giant Leopard Moth caterpillars are red and black and poisonous. The leopard moths are stunning. They’re white and black spots.

Yellowjacket (paper wasp) aren’t poisonous themselves but have an injector - a poison that burns from their stinger

Diffei between posion ans venom. Poison is eaten. Venmon is shot

WARNING COLOURATION called Aposemetic colouration

21
Q

night/day aposemetic

A

Skunks are aposemetric for night. Colour in day like Lady bug, stay away. Sulfar alcholol that turns into a gas

Maybe porcupines too, although they don’t have chemical defenses

22
Q

Sequesters

A

animals attain chemicals by eating plants that contain the chemicals

Monarchs - cardic glycoside(TERPENDOID) from milkweed

Milkweed tussock moth same.

Black swallowtail sequest toxins from water hemlock

Photuris female fireflies get it from eating male Phontinus

Sawfly larva and blister beets has terpenoids

23
Q

Bombardier beetles

A

hot quinone gas that is mixed together and can shoot out in different directions.

24
Q

Behaviour defense

A

bufotalin in skin glands, and when scared they fill themselves up with air to appear bigger.

Hog nosed snake bluff and puff themselves up with air and also play dead if that doesn’t work.

Virginina opposum plays dead. Thanatos

Blister beatles will also play dead.

25
Q

Behaviour defense GROUP

A

a yard of deer (safety in numbers)

Flocking a bird group defense (safety in number can also confuse predators)

Swarming yellowjackets release attack pheromones to summon other wasps.

Mobbing - chkadees send out alarm calls to get other bird types to attack owls

26
Q

Behavioural Defense BODYGUARDS

A

Carpenter Ants guarding Aphids. They get food from aphids and offer protection. Oleander Aphids don’t need help they have their own chemicals

27
Q

Behaviour defenses ODD

A

Eastern Cottontail and white tail deer runs away with white in the air. Could be flag to warn others, or could be distraction technique

28
Q

Vigilance

A

being alert and scanning for danger

audiotry, olfactory and visual

29
Q

Auditory vigilance

A

large ears (external pinnae) of moose and deer capture sounds. The ears can pivot and the palm of the antellers can be used to pick up the sound

Beavers have small ears but they are above the waterline. In line with eyes and mouth like hippos and alligators.

Some moths have “ear”. membranes on the thorax Other insects pick up sounds via vibrations

30
Q

Olfactory vigilance

A

Ontop of excellant hearing Moose also have excellent smell. Hence thiere snout. They have jacobsons’s organ also called vomerosnasal Organ, and can use their tongues to pick up scents. Mamals expose the jacoboson’s organ by exposing the flemen, or upper surface of the mouths by opening their mouth and curling their lips

Snakes use their forked tongue to detect which side the molecules are on and using their jacobsons’ organ thusly.

31
Q

Visual vigilance

A

Snowshoe hare have eyes on the side of their head to provide a larger view of surrounding. So doo to many birds. Though American Bitterns have it low on their beak so they can see when they look up i the air. Snipes and Sandpipers have eyes placed back so they can see when they’re digging in the sand.

Noteworthy that we and other predators have eyes pointing forward to help us hunt binocular vision

32
Q

Visual vigilance Night

A

Flying Squirrel and others have eye shine, because tapetum ludicum on their eyes. Rods and Cones. Rods for low light, Cones for colour and daylight. 3 Rods per nerve. Different animals have different eyeshine.

33
Q

Visual Vigilance groups

A

Deers yard together, Birds flock together because of my eyes.

34
Q

Flocks

A

Single species flocks eat the same food. Snow geese and Waxwings (they eat different kind of fruit)

mixed specsis flocks eat different types of food (insects and fruit)

Crossbills eat seeds (type of finch)

35
Q

Plant Physical defense

A

external armour BARK

Seeds are protected in hard coats. Acorns have extremely tough coats

Thistles have spines (modified leaves)

Prickels are epidermal hair outgrowths (Blackberries and Rasperries)

Thorns are modified brancehs (Hawthornes) Prickly Ash has thorns and prickles

36
Q

Plant hairs

A

called Trichomes. Ragweed is covered in hairs, Mullein leaves are covered in Trichomes.

Stinging Nettles have a combination of chemical and physical defense. They’re covered in toxins that make the skin burn. Glandular Tirchomes

37
Q

Inducible

A

Water Smart weed only has trichomes if the water level goes lower and it’s exposed to air. They are inducible.

38
Q

Plant internal structures

A

Structural elements such as: CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE and PECTIN make plant tissues hard to digest.

LINGIN gives leaves stiffness and gives nuts and cherry pits their hardness.

SILICA found in horsetails . Grasses are full of Silicia too.

Structural elements are digestiblity reducers.

39
Q

Digestibiity reducers not structural components: TANNINS and TERPANOIDS

A

Tannins are astringent (plant secondary compounds [metabolites] aka not involved in growth)

Calcium is also a deterrent

Arum plants have calcium oxalate crystals in their leaves. SKUNK CABBAGE, or Jack-in-the-pulpit.

Milkweek contains Terpenoid cardiac glycosides ( they tase bitter) the DO NOT contain Nitrogen.

Terpendoids are a major group of plant toixin (doesn’t bother monarchs)

Resin or (oleoresins) contain terpenoids. Pine Cones, Poison Ivy

40
Q

Digestibiity reducers not structural components: HCN and ALKALOIDS

A

Asters have Alkaloids. Alkaloids do contain nitrogen and they interfere with digestion by binding to digestive enzymes. Some are sugar mimics. Because they are part of the plant themselves they are called CONSTITUTIVE DEFENCES, they are alwasy there.
Buttercups contain alkaloids

HCN Hydrogen Cyanide is inducible. Black cherry. Braken

Some of these chemicals disrupt digestion by interfereing with digestive proteins such as proteinase. proteinase inhibitors

A wounded leaf can send out wound hormones. Potato plants do this.

41
Q

Plant defense (Insect Growth Hormone)

A

two types
1.Moulting hormone =ecdysone
2. Juvenile Hormone

Larva requires both hormones. Untill it reaches pupa only MH is required. Many ferns (rock polypody) are loaded with MH (pyhto ecdysones) For instance Braken fern is loaded with phytoecdysones and it causes insets to mature too quickly

Balsam fir contains Phytojuvenile hormone. insets do not mature if they eat them.

There are also reproductive hormones like phytoestrogen, like Red Clover.

Phototoxins - very nasty side effects - St.Johsn wort

42
Q

Plant colours / smells / respones

A

Blueberries aposematic colours

mustard advertizes its smell.

When a plant is under attackas alarm is sent to other parts of to prepare themselves. Phytohormones (jasmonci acid, ethylene and snet alicylic acid, travel through the plant initiaing biochemical response

43
Q

Sub zero temperature

A

when temps fall below zero, waters turns to ice and expands.

ectothermes - cold blooded effected by the external temperature

endotherms - create their own heat and temperature

Dress for the occations. Mammals grow more hair. Guard hairs grow longer and thicker for winter. This hair is on the outside. The underfur layer under the guard hair is dense and traps body heat.

Birds grow bulkier feathers (canada jay and black capped chickadee. Contour feathers on the outside and down feathers underneath.

add fat: mamals have two type of fat Subcutaneous fat for insulation and internal brown fat for burning/metabolizing.

birds add subcutaneous fat. Shivering is an important means of thermogensis for them. They shiver to make heat

44
Q

Colour and warmth

A

Pale colous make warmth. pale colours gain heat because the white hair is empty vestuals and the air works as an insulation. 27% warm with Snowshoe hare and snowy owl.

45
Q

Glogger’s Rule

A

The more northern the animal the more white it wil be

46
Q

Allen’ rule

A

Short extremies are better agaisnt the cold. Think Caribou vs Deer. or meadow vole

47
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Low surface to volume area. Chubbyness.

48
Q

Rete Mirabile / Wonderul net

A

Countercurrent heat exhanger. They litterally have cold feet but the veins cross. Some mamials have this in their nose (artic fox)

Biology1902 (3 decks)

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