5-1 GA Flashcards
Vowels, Phonemic features
BATH TRAP
BATH – TRAP merger: no opposition = both /æ/
Phonetically: with regional, social-stylistic and
positional variation, subject to raising and
tensing to [ɛː] → (bat)
Vowels, Phonemic features
LOT THOUGH
For some speakers: LOT – THOUGHT merger
(often called COT-CAUGHT merger)
unrounding, with a [ɑː] quality
- With a [ɔː] quality
Vowels, Realisational features
DRESS
DRESS is clearly [ɛ], not [e],
even for older speakers
Vowels, Realisational features
LOT
LOT: no labialisation / no (lip-) rounding
[ɑː]
Older speakers: [ɔ]
→ same with plot, job, province, mockery..
Vowels, Realisational features
CLOTH & THOUGHT
CLOTH and THOUGHT: main realisation is [ɔː]
But [ɑː] seems to be gaining ground
(particularly for THOUGHT because of the LOT – THOUGHT merger?).
→ law, cause, taught, author
Vowels, Realisational features
MOUTH
MOUTH can be [aʊ] or [æʊ]
[æʊ] is gaining ground
→ out, round, pronounce
Vowels, Realisational features
GOAT
GOAT has a rounded first element: [oʊ]
Consonants
Rhoticity and /r/
- GA is a rhotic accent: post-vocalic /r/ is pronounced: hard /ˈhɑːrd/
- Historically, this /r/ hasn’t disappeared as it has in most parts of England.
(The phonetic quality of /r/ is that of a retroflex approximant: like in Irish accents, there is more
retroflexion of the tongue than in an RP /r/. It is noted [ɻ] (vs. [ɹ] for the alveolar RP-type/r/).)
NURSE /ˈnɜːrs/ ~ [ˈnɜːɻs] dictionaries /nɝːs/
* START /ˈstɑːrt/ ~ [ˈstɑːɻt] dictionaries /stɑːrt/
* FORCE (& NORTH) /ˈfɔːrs/ ~ [ˈfɔːɻs] dictionaries /fɔːrs/
* lettER /ˈletər/ ~ [ˈ le əɻ]
Consonants
Rhoticity and /r/
- GA is a rhotic accent: post-vocalic /r/ is pronounced: hard /ˈhɑːrd/
- Historically, this /r/ hasn’t disappeared as it has in most parts of England.
(The phonetic quality of /r/ is that of a retroflex approximant: like in Irish accents, there is more
retroflexion of the tongue than in an RP /r/. It is noted [ɻ] (vs. [ɹ] for the alveolar RP-type/r/).)
NURSE /ˈnɜːrs/ ~ [ˈnɜːɻs] dictionaries /nɝːs/
* START /ˈstɑːrt/ ~ [ˈstɑːɻt] dictionaries /stɑːrt/
* FORCE (& NORTH) /ˈfɔːrs/ ~ [ˈfɔːɻs] dictionaries /fɔːrs/
* lettER /ˈletər/ ~ [ˈ le əɻ]
The rhoticity symbol / the rhoticity diacritic:
/˞/
→ /ɝ/ and /ɚ/
diphtongues centralisantes
/r/ and centring (GB) / centering (US) diphthongs
(les diphtongues centralisantes) : NEAR, SQUARE, CURE (RP: /ɪə, eə, ʊə/)
- Historically: no loss of /r/ in these diphtongs
NEAR [ˈnɪr] * SQUARE [ˈskwer] * CURE [ˈkjʊr]
- Note that its not impossible for a schwa [ə] to appear in the
pronunciation of certain speakers.
What type of process is flapping
a phonetic prOcess
Flapping in GA
[ɾ]
- /t/ is almost always realised as
an alveolar flap [ɾ] in a STRESSED SYLLABLE - between vowels (hitting)
- between /r/ & a vowel (better)
- between a vowel & a syllabic /l/ (letter)
- between words as linking (hatter)
symbol for flappig dico
Pronunciation dictionaries use
the symbol
[ t̬ ], as opposed to [ɾ]
Using [ t̬ ], is an exception as
they normally give phonemic
forms, not phonetic forms.
better → ˈbet̬ɚ
bitter → ˈbɪt̬ɚ
letter → ˈlɛt̬ɚ
hatter → ˈhæt̬ɚ
cat and mouse → ˈkæt̬ ən ‘maʊs
nt coalescence
(nt reduction)
I want to be free
I wanted
I want it
twenty
plenty
went away
