4THQ MASTERY TEST 2 Flashcards
is the arrangement or classification of something into different groups
stratification
systematic categorization of individuals and institutions in society based on their roles or functions and statuses
social stratification
each is accorded with specific tasks or role to play in society
social stratification
categorization of social stratification can be based on:
family relations, occupational status, class structures, status of wealth and prestige
systematic categorization of individuals and institutions in society based on power relations and status of power in the state
political stratification
political functions are delegated based on the hierarchy of power
political stratification
inequality among people are anchored on the presence of
social desirables
resources can be
intangible and tangible
refers to the presence, absence or scarcity of the social desirables
availability
refers to the actual ways and means of availing the resources
accessibility
the — they are, the more difficult is the access to them
scarcer
three important social desirables
money, power, prestige
social standing reflects a person’s worth and their access to social, political, symbolic capital, in other words, their
class status
possession of them defines the social standing of individuals relative to others
money, power, prestige
father of communism
karl marx
looks at social class in terms of wealth produced in relation to ownership of the means of production
karl marx
what theory did karl marx make
conflict theory
the idea that modern society has only three classes of people: the bourgeoisie who are owners of the means of production for profit(factories, businesses, and equipment), landowners whose income is rent and the proletariats, the workers who own their labor and sell it for a wage
conflict theory
german sociologist, historian, economist
max weber
formulated a three-component “theory on
stratification “
max weber
that class position was determined by a person’s skills and education, rather than by their relationship to the means of production
theory on stratification
said that certain tasks in society are more valuable
than others
max weber
presented three dimensions of stratification: wealth
(economic & social), power (political) and prestige
max weber
in the form of material assets and income
economic capital
in the form of educational qualifications and status
cultural capital
in the form of networks of contacts and social associations
social capital
social knowledge & connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
social capital
what is the glaring issue of social class
how to move outside the confines of the conditions of their birth
a russian-born american sociologist and political activist
pitirim sorokin
proposed the concept of social mobility in his book “social & cultural mobility”
pitirim sorokin
believes that there is no society that is completely
closed
“social & cultural mobility”
speed of social mobility might fluctuate through out
the time period because it relies on the way
civilization is developed
“social & cultural mobility”
refers to the capacity of individuals or groups in the social stratification system to shift position
social mobility
it is the movement of individuals, families, household or other categories of grouping people people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social
stratification
social mobility
the ease or difficulty an individual or a group experiences in moving from social position to another is highly dependent on
the type of society they live in
social mobility may also include variations across
groups like classes, cultural groupings or nations in
terms of characteristics like:
- health conditions
- literacy rates
- education, etc
two types of society
open and closed
when stratification is based on social class where people’s social position or status are determined by economic wealth and income
open society
mobility is facilitated based on personal efforts and
individual achievements
open society
ex: educational achievement plays a vital role in social mobility
open society
the advantage of an — vis-a vis social mobility is the freedom to move from the bottom to the top of a social ladder
open society
when changes or shifts in social positions or social mobility are limited & in some societies, are even prohibited
closed society
example of closed society
the caste (system of india)
6 types of social mobility
vertical, horizontal, upward, downward, intergenerational, intra-generational
refers to a shift in a person’s standing, leading to a change in society
vertical mobility
movement may go upward or downward
vertical mobility
example of upward and downward movement in vertical mobility
upward - job promotion
downward - laid off
no movement or change in this type according to sorokin
horizontal movement
a person quits his job but his social position
remains intact
horizontal movement
a doctor shifts to teaching in a medical school and his
occupation shifted but his social position is the same
horizontal movement
is the increase in one’s social class; shift from lower to higher status
upward mobility
famous novelist stephen king worked as a janitor
oprah winfrey grew up in poverty
upward mobility
is the decrease in one’s social class due to reasons like setbacks, unemployment, disease, war/conflict, famine, etc
downward mobility
happens when the social position changes from one generation to the next or the other (in cases of intermarriages)
intergenerational mobility
parents who belong to the upper class may have parents that belong to the middle or lower class
intergenerational mobility
refers to the ability of an individual or family to move up and down a ladder during his or her lifetime
intra-generational mobility
any concrete or symbolic item that can be used as
an object of exchange among people
social resources or capital
in the form of material assets and income
economic capital
forms of social resources or capital
economic, cultural, social
are non economic resources that enables social mobility with the aim of gaining honor prestige, power or recognition
cultural capital
involves the potential of individuals to secure benefits
and invent solutions to problems through membership in social networks (networks of contacts and social
associations)
social capital
social knowledge & connections that enable people to
accomplish their goals and extend their influence
social capital
examples of social capital
-a neighborhood builds a community garden together
shared tools
-door to door volunteers explain a candidate’s
platform
-a group of friends discussing the may, 2022 elections
-telling the neighborhood about a delicious new pizza
place
examples of cultural capital
knowledge and skills, educational attainment, job or political position
examples of economic capital
house, car, land, goods, business enterprise
an ideal attribute in a civilized society
social equality
refers to the unequal access to social, cultural and economic resources in a society
social inequality
In Philippine society, basic services and wealth — trickle down from top to bottom because they
have no representation in the political arena and
cannot assert their identity in the mainstream. Sadly,
they are often used for political ends
DO NOT
other sources of inequality
gender, sex, disabilities
sources of inequality
socio-cultural orientation like stereotyping, labelling, prejudice, etc
ways inequality can be addressed
through policy legislation and implementation
by promoting cultural transformation
laws to promote rights of women and LGBTQ, cultural minorities, PWDs and provision and access if basic services to the poor and marginalized
policy legislation
endeavoring to transform the way society looks at women, the poor and marginalized, cultural minorities, LGBTQs and PWDs
promoting cultural transformation
how can we promote cultural transformation
educate the public
responsible advertising
inequality does not exist in societies alone but also among states
global inequality
wealthier nations are more influential in the global community therefore, the exercise their power and influence over poorer nations
global inequality
the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments worldwide
globalization
people and goods move easily across borders
globalization
in the philippines, globalization started during the period of
COLONIZATION
other ways to look at
- The strength of a state along side another in terms
of :
-strategic importance (location in the global Map)
-development assistance in the form of grants and
loans
EX. USAID, Government loans, infrastructure
development by foreign entities, scholarships and
exchange programs - Resource-rich countries have more advantage like
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries). - Operations of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and
Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) and government or
non-government organizations.
how to address global inequalities
- Formation of regional groups (ASEAN, NATO,EU,
Etc) - Entering into bilateral treaties and pacts (DFA
between US & Phil) - International treaties and agreements (Climate
Change, Transnational Crimes, International
Developments)
The Philippines is a signatory to most of the
treaties and agreements, so any violation of the
provisions - bring case to the
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The incursion of China in our territorial waters is a violation of the
United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
The Philippine government filed a case in the ICJ in
— (The Republic of the Philippines v. The people’s
Republic of China)
2013
when we won the case but China rejected the ruling
July 12, 2016
If only the government pursued the full implementation
of the ruling, China will be forced to honor the —
ICJs decision
ever since societies were formed, societies always -
change
is the alteration in social structure and social behavior over time
social change
some societies are more — to change than others
resistant
social change is generally — but varied in time and space
universal
societies do not change at the same —
rate
“Not all cultural elements change at the same rate”
Theory on Cultural Lag by William Ogburn
occurs because of transformation in the physical and cultural environment that warrants new ideas, forms and structures
social change
refers to changes in cultural patterns of behavior and values
cultural change
Ex: built heritage house to modern structures, change dietary patterns: homemade Filipino dishes
to pizza and burgers
cultural change
refers to the political behavior and values of individual as well as political institutions that hold power, authority and control in society
political change
Ex: Presidential to parliamentary, Movements calling for reforms in government
political change
sources of change
innovation, diffusion, acculturation, assimilation,
refers to an independent invention to creatively find
solutions to problems
innovation
helps improve the lives of people through access to information and ideas
innovation
helps transform societies through scientific research and technology
innovation
types of innovation
primary and secondary
occurs when an individual or a group comes up with a completely new idea, method or device
primary innovation
occurs when an individual or a group further develops or improves on an already existing ideas, methods or devices
secondary innovation
5 steps to innovation
knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation
an individual first becomes aware of the new innovation but lacks the information and inspiration to utilize or introduce it
knowledge
the individual’s interest in the innovation spikes and he or she begins to research about it
persuasion
the individual weighs the positive and negative results of changing to the new idea
decision
the individual adds innovation into the system
implementation
he or she also begins to determine the innovation’s usefulness
implementation
the individual decides to continue with the new innovation
confirmation
the act of spreading culture, tradition, objects and
ideas to other societies
diffusion
particular culture can never be isolated from another
culture
diffusion
it can be shared or adopted by another society
diffusion
process where some borrowed cultural traits have already undergone trimming and twisting
indigenization
two types of diffusion
direct and indirect
occurs through marriage, trade and war
direct diffusion
occurs when a group comes in contact with another group through a third party
indirect diffusion
it is a product of a massive cultural change through a show of force of one group to another
acculturation
extreme forms of acculturation
ethnocide and genocide
is the deliberate, systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group
ethnocide
the learning of one’s culture alongside another culture
genocide
Ex. Uyghur (wee.gr) largest ethnic group in the Northwest China who are predominantly Muslim who are allegedly being detained in “re-education camps”, subject to political indoctrination and subjected to forced abortion, compulsory strilization, rape in torture
genocide
occurs when the minority group losses its distinctive cultural traits and adopts and absorbs those of the dominant culture
assimilation
generally voluntary
assimilation
stumbling blocks to assimilation
- cultural dissimilarity (too different in beliefs, customs, etc.)
- physical differences (skin color, physical traits, etc.)
- feeling of superiority and inferiority
- prejudices
- isolation
social, cultural and political change matter to human life, society and progress because they serve as — to the rise and fall of civilization
barometers
Social, Cultural and Political change are often positively seen as a mark of
human progress
societal change do not always start and ascend…
smoothly and peacefully
there are instances that change in the social and political landscape can lead to the — of communities
deterioration/destruction
combination of statements, ideas or features of a situation that are opposed to one another
contradictions
state of being stretched tight and pushed to the limit
tensions
forms of social contradictions and tensions
A. Inter-ethnic conflict B. Class Struggle C. Armed Conflict D. Terrorism E. Protest F. Gender Inequality
is a category of people who, as a result of their shared cultural heritage, are regarded as socially distinct
ethnic group
refers to the cultural features of a specific group of people
ethnicity
ethnic differences are — and not — as opposed to race
culturally learned; inherited
those groups whose physical appearance or cultural practices are unlike those of the dominant group are called
MINORITIES
often subject to different forms of unequal treatment by the dominant group
minorities
tensions and contradictions operates very well in a class system based on economic status
class struggle
usually centered on the access and control of resources
class struggle
In industrialized societies, we often have three classes:
Upper class: small in number but wealthy
Middle class: Large in number and usually professionals
and white collar workers
Lower class: Largest in number and usually the less
skilled, blue collared workers.
frictions among conflicting groups due to failure to resolve differences amicably
armed conflict
tension escalates that leads to
armed conflicts
Example: the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
armed conflicts
Caused by differences in religious and ideological grounds
the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
Failure of the Philippine government to grant genuine
autonomy to 13 moro ethnic groups living in the area
the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
basic causes of armed conflicts
- Religion
- Ethnicity
- Economic stagnation
- Poor government services
- Environmental degredation like land disputes, water scarcity, etc
- Political, economic and social inequalities
- Poverty
- High unemployment
- Individual incentives
It is the use of violence against civilian tarhets for the
purpose of intimidation to achieve political or ideological ends
terrorism
It is a violent and potent means of pushing social change and gaining worldwide attention
terrorism
bombings, hijacking, assassinations, kidnappings and video images of public executions
terrorism
Reasons why people commit acts of terrorism:
- Religious fanaticism
- Oppression especially by the government
- Violation of international law like genocide and umlawful
dispossesion of local inhabitants - Poverty
- Hatred towards the global economic hegemony (leadership
dominance by powerful nations) - Financial gain
- Racism
- Martyrdom
- Narcissism: selfishness, lack of empathy, need for admiration, etc)
- Failure of conventional channels of expression and communications
the simplest form of expressing disgust, contradictions and tensions through collective manner
protest
2 vital elements of protest
public opinion and propaganda
sum of the decision of the members of the public on a particular issue
public opinion
are information or viewpoints that are presented with the deliberate intention of persuading the audience to adopt a particular opinion or issue
propaganda
forms of protest
written, verbal, and non-verbal
is an emotionally aroused crowd intent on violence or
destructive actions
mob
is a form of collective behavior that occurs when
people are faced with an immediate threat and reacts in a fearful, spontaneous and uncoordinated manner
panic
is a form of collective behavior involving widespread anxiety, caused by some unfounded belief
mass hysteria
Role according to gender is dictated by society or culture which can lead to sexual stratification
gender inequality
Promoters of gender inequality: family, workplace, media, laws and policies, etc.
gender inequality
this paved the way for moments to fight this type of
inequality like the Women’s Liberation Movement,
gender inequality
how many sustainable development goals did the un make
17
name 7/17 sustainable development goals
no poverty zero hunger quality education gender equality climate action life on land life below water
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all
sustainable development goals
universal call to action to end poverty, environmental degredation, to ensure that global citizens enjoy peace and prosperity today and in the future
sustainable development goals
a large group of individuals congregating to either effect or prevent social changes
social movement
express the dissatisfaction of the people in a given society
social movement
people intend to transform the society by
influencing public opinion and government policy-making
modern social movements utilize
internet and social media
social movements began in — in the late — century through —-
england; 18th century; john wilked
introduced the term social movements in 1848
german sociologist, lorenz von stein
emerged after world war 2
new social movements
departed from the traditional social movements which is focused on economic issues
new social movements
kinds of social movements
conservative, reactionary, reform, radical, expressive, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, alternative, group-focus
resist changes in the society like the anti-technology group
conservative movements
a person opposed to new technology or ways of work
luddites
defend returning to traditional lifestyles as demonstrated by the Ku Klux Klan
reactionary movements
support change like the marriage-opposed Free Love Movement that started in the 60s
reform movements
replace existing social orders with a totally different social or political structure like the American Civil Rights Movement, the Occupy Movement, Black Lives Matter, and the Arab Spring movement
radical movements
aim to improve their members’ lives, not necessarily imposing their ideas on others like the Hippie Movement
expressive movements
advocate retreating from the society through isolation like religious cults
escapist movements
help minority groups become absorbed in the mainstream society, demanding equal treatment
assimilationist movements
defend respect for diversity like the gay rights movement
pluralist movements
influence the people to change their lifestyles like the vegans
alternative movements
concentrate on changing factions, transforming into or joining a political party
group-focus movements
members of social movements seek adherents to their cause through various means
educational persuasion
political persuasion
direct or violent tactics
non-violent tactics
through Advertisements, films, speeches, and
posters are utilized to carry out
educational persuasion
involves financing political candidates’ campaigns,
running for public office, or persuading government officials
political persuasion
involves social movements taking matters into
their own hands through extreme measures like boycotting a business employing slave workers, demolishing abortion clinics, and liberating animals from experimental laboratories
direct or violent tactics
involves civil disobedience like Mohandas Gandhi’s
peaceful protest against the British imperialists
non-violent tactics
expression of public identity
citizenship
participatory membership in a political community/legal member of a sovereign state
citizenship
state of being vested the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen
citizenship
equality under the law, civic participation in government, power restrictions “to be truly human, one had to be an active citizen” (aristotle)
citizenship
government policy that gives all citizens equal access to public services, funds and democratic rights and the ability to represent the government
inclusive citizenship
a form of democracy in which all citizens are involved in policy-making
inclusive citizenship
a government structured from bottom-up rather than top-down
inclusive citizenship
active participation in the civic affairs and the social life of their community at a local or national level
participatory citizenship
it can raise social consciousness, trust, reduce transaction costs and reduce the possibility of intensified tensions and conflicts (this is the importance of what)
citizenship
values of inclusive citizenship
sense of belonging
participation
non-discrimination
agency
a way of living that recognizes our world is an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies
global citizenship
one in which our choices and actions may have repercussions for people and communities locally, nationally or internationally
global citizenship
the umbrella term for social, political, environmental and economic actions of globally minded individuals and communities on a worldwide scale
global citizenship
someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and
practices
global citizen
understands that everyone is connected through what they consume
global citizen
signs that you are a global citizen
- you embrace the responsibilities of global citizenship
- you work well with others
- you are not afraid to think big
- you are not short-sighted
- you crave experiences - not possessions
- you are naturally empathetic
- you always keep an open mind
- ignorance isnt bliss
- you are not one to follow the crowd
values & responsibility of a global community of people sharing the same global identity
● human rights, ● environmental protection, ● religious pluralism, ● gender equity, ● sustainable worldwide economic growth, ● poverty alleviation, ● prevention of conflicts between countries and people, ● elimination of weapons of mass destruction, ● humanitarian assistance, ● preservation of cultural diversity
