4THQ MASTERY TEST 2 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
is the arrangement or classification of something into different groups
A
stratification
2
Q
systematic categorization of individuals and institutions in society based on their roles or functions and statuses
A
social stratification
3
Q
each is accorded with specific tasks or role to play in society
A
social stratification
4
Q
categorization of social stratification can be based on:
A
family relations, occupational status, class structures, status of wealth and prestige
5
Q
systematic categorization of individuals and institutions in society based on power relations and status of power in the state
A
political stratification
6
Q
political functions are delegated based on the hierarchy of power
A
political stratification
7
Q
inequality among people are anchored on the presence of
A
social desirables
8
Q
resources can be
A
intangible and tangible
9
Q
refers to the presence, absence or scarcity of the social desirables
A
availability
10
Q
refers to the actual ways and means of availing the resources
A
accessibility
11
Q
the — they are, the more difficult is the access to them
A
scarcer
12
Q
three important social desirables
A
money, power, prestige
13
Q
social standing reflects a person’s worth and their access to social, political, symbolic capital, in other words, their
A
class status
14
Q
possession of them defines the social standing of individuals relative to others
A
money, power, prestige
15
Q
father of communism
A
karl marx
16
Q
looks at social class in terms of wealth produced in relation to ownership of the means of production
A
karl marx
17
Q
what theory did karl marx make
A
conflict theory
18
Q
the idea that modern society has only three classes of people: the bourgeoisie who are owners of the means of production for profit(factories, businesses, and equipment), landowners whose income is rent and the proletariats, the workers who own their labor and sell it for a wage
A
conflict theory
19
Q
german sociologist, historian, economist
A
max weber
20
Q
formulated a three-component “theory on
stratification “
A
max weber
21
Q
that class position was determined by a person’s skills and education, rather than by their relationship to the means of production
A
theory on stratification
22
Q
said that certain tasks in society are more valuable
than others
A
max weber
23
Q
presented three dimensions of stratification: wealth
(economic & social), power (political) and prestige
A
max weber
24
Q
in the form of material assets and income
A
economic capital
25
in the form of educational qualifications and status
cultural capital
26
in the form of networks of contacts and social associations
social capital
27
social knowledge & connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
social capital
28
what is the glaring issue of social class
how to move outside the confines of the conditions of their birth
29
a russian-born american sociologist and political activist
pitirim sorokin
30
proposed the concept of social mobility in his book “social & cultural mobility”
pitirim sorokin
31
believes that there is no society that is completely
| closed
“social & cultural mobility”
32
speed of social mobility might fluctuate through out
the time period because it relies on the way
civilization is developed
“social & cultural mobility”
33
refers to the capacity of individuals or groups in the social stratification system to shift position
social mobility
34
it is the movement of individuals, families, household or other categories of grouping people people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social
stratification
social mobility
35
the ease or difficulty an individual or a group experiences in moving from social position to another is highly dependent on
the type of society they live in
36
social mobility may also include variations across
groups like classes, cultural groupings or nations in
terms of characteristics like:
- health conditions
- literacy rates
- education, etc
37
two types of society
open and closed
38
when stratification is based on social class where people’s social position or status are determined by economic wealth and income
open society
39
mobility is facilitated based on personal efforts and
| individual achievements
open society
40
ex: educational achievement plays a vital role in social mobility
open society
41
the advantage of an --- vis-a vis social mobility is the freedom to move from the bottom to the top of a social ladder
open society
42
when changes or shifts in social positions or social mobility are limited & in some societies, are even prohibited
closed society
43
example of closed society
the caste (system of india)
44
6 types of social mobility
vertical, horizontal, upward, downward, intergenerational, intra-generational
45
refers to a shift in a person’s standing, leading to a change in society
vertical mobility
46
movement may go upward or downward
vertical mobility
47
example of upward and downward movement in vertical mobility
upward - job promotion
| downward - laid off
48
no movement or change in this type according to sorokin
horizontal movement
49
a person quits his job but his social position
| remains intact
horizontal movement
50
a doctor shifts to teaching in a medical school and his
| occupation shifted but his social position is the same
horizontal movement
51
is the increase in one’s social class; shift from lower to higher status
upward mobility
52
famous novelist stephen king worked as a janitor
| oprah winfrey grew up in poverty
upward mobility
53
is the decrease in one’s social class due to reasons like setbacks, unemployment, disease, war/conflict, famine, etc
downward mobility
54
happens when the social position changes from one generation to the next or the other (in cases of intermarriages)
intergenerational mobility
55
```
parents who belong to the upper class may have
parents that belong to the middle or lower class
```
intergenerational mobility
56
refers to the ability of an individual or family to move up and down a ladder during his or her lifetime
intra-generational mobility
57
any concrete or symbolic item that can be used as
| an object of exchange among people
social resources or capital
58
in the form of material assets and income
economic capital
59
forms of social resources or capital
economic, cultural, social
60
are non economic resources that enables social mobility with the aim of gaining honor prestige, power or recognition
cultural capital
61
involves the potential of individuals to secure benefits
and invent solutions to problems through membership in social networks (networks of contacts and social
associations)
social capital
62
social knowledge & connections that enable people to
| accomplish their goals and extend their influence
social capital
63
examples of social capital
-a neighborhood builds a community garden together
shared tools
-door to door volunteers explain a candidate’s
platform
-a group of friends discussing the may, 2022 elections
-telling the neighborhood about a delicious new pizza
place
64
examples of cultural capital
knowledge and skills, educational attainment, job or political position
65
examples of economic capital
house, car, land, goods, business enterprise
66
an ideal attribute in a civilized society
social equality
67
refers to the unequal access to social, cultural and economic resources in a society
social inequality
68
In Philippine society, basic services and wealth --- trickle down from top to bottom because they
have no representation in the political arena and
cannot assert their identity in the mainstream. Sadly,
they are often used for political ends
DO NOT
69
other sources of inequality
gender, sex, disabilities
70
sources of inequality
socio-cultural orientation like stereotyping, labelling, prejudice, etc
71
ways inequality can be addressed
through policy legislation and implementation
| by promoting cultural transformation
72
laws to promote rights of women and LGBTQ, cultural minorities, PWDs and provision and access if basic services to the poor and marginalized
policy legislation
73
endeavoring to transform the way society looks at women, the poor and marginalized, cultural minorities, LGBTQs and PWDs
promoting cultural transformation
74
how can we promote cultural transformation
educate the public
| responsible advertising
75
inequality does not exist in societies alone but also among states
global inequality
76
wealthier nations are more influential in the global community therefore, the exercise their power and influence over poorer nations
global inequality
77
the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments worldwide
globalization
78
people and goods move easily across borders
globalization
79
in the philippines, globalization started during the period of
COLONIZATION
80
other ways to look at
1. The strength of a state along side another in terms
of :
-strategic importance (location in the global Map)
-development assistance in the form of grants and
loans
EX. USAID, Government loans, infrastructure
development by foreign entities, scholarships and
exchange programs
2. Resource-rich countries have more advantage like
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries).
3. Operations of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and
Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) and government or
non-government organizations.
81
how to address global inequalities
1. Formation of regional groups (ASEAN, NATO,EU,
Etc)
2. Entering into bilateral treaties and pacts (DFA
between US & Phil)
3. International treaties and agreements (Climate
Change, Transnational Crimes, International
Developments)
82
The Philippines is a signatory to most of the
treaties and agreements, so any violation of the
provisions - bring case to the
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
83
The incursion of China in our territorial waters is a violation of the
United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
84
The Philippine government filed a case in the ICJ in
--- (The Republic of the Philippines v. The people’s
Republic of China)
2013
85
when we won the case but China rejected the ruling
July 12, 2016
86
If only the government pursued the full implementation
| of the ruling, China will be forced to honor the ---
ICJs decision
87
ever since societies were formed, societies always -
change
88
is the alteration in social structure and social behavior over time
social change
89
some societies are more --- to change than others
resistant
90
social change is generally --- but varied in time and space
universal
91
societies do not change at the same ---
rate
92
“Not all cultural elements change at the same rate”
Theory on Cultural Lag by William Ogburn
93
occurs because of transformation in the physical and cultural environment that warrants new ideas, forms and structures
social change
94
refers to changes in cultural patterns of behavior and values
cultural change
95
Ex: built heritage house to modern structures, change dietary patterns: homemade Filipino dishes
to pizza and burgers
cultural change
96
refers to the political behavior and values of individual as well as political institutions that hold power, authority and control in society
political change
97
Ex: Presidential to parliamentary, Movements calling for reforms in government
political change
98
sources of change
innovation, diffusion, acculturation, assimilation,
99
refers to an independent invention to creatively find
| solutions to problems
innovation
100
helps improve the lives of people through access to information and ideas
innovation
101
helps transform societies through scientific research and technology
innovation
102
types of innovation
primary and secondary
103
occurs when an individual or a group comes up with a completely new idea, method or device
primary innovation
104
occurs when an individual or a group further develops or improves on an already existing ideas, methods or devices
secondary innovation
105
5 steps to innovation
knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation
106
an individual first becomes aware of the new innovation but lacks the information and inspiration to utilize or introduce it
knowledge
107
the individual’s interest in the innovation spikes and he or she begins to research about it
persuasion
108
the individual weighs the positive and negative results of changing to the new idea
decision
109
the individual adds innovation into the system
implementation
110
he or she also begins to determine the innovation’s usefulness
implementation
111
the individual decides to continue with the new innovation
confirmation
112
the act of spreading culture, tradition, objects and
| ideas to other societies
diffusion
113
particular culture can never be isolated from another
| culture
diffusion
114
it can be shared or adopted by another society
diffusion
115
process where some borrowed cultural traits have already undergone trimming and twisting
indigenization
116
two types of diffusion
direct and indirect
117
occurs through marriage, trade and war
direct diffusion
118
occurs when a group comes in contact with another group through a third party
indirect diffusion
119
it is a product of a massive cultural change through a show of force of one group to another
acculturation
120
extreme forms of acculturation
ethnocide and genocide
121
is the deliberate, systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group
ethnocide
122
the learning of one’s culture alongside another culture
genocide
123
Ex. Uyghur (wee.gr) largest ethnic group in the Northwest China who are predominantly Muslim who are allegedly being detained in “re-education camps”, subject to political indoctrination and subjected to forced abortion, compulsory strilization, rape in torture
genocide
124
occurs when the minority group losses its distinctive cultural traits and adopts and absorbs those of the dominant culture
assimilation
125
generally voluntary
assimilation
126
stumbling blocks to assimilation
- cultural dissimilarity (too different in beliefs, customs, etc.)
- physical differences (skin color, physical traits, etc.)
- feeling of superiority and inferiority
- prejudices
- isolation
127
social, cultural and political change matter to human life, society and progress because they serve as --- to the rise and fall of civilization
barometers
128
Social, Cultural and Political change are often positively seen as a mark of
human progress
129
societal change do not always start and ascend...
smoothly and peacefully
130
there are instances that change in the social and political landscape can lead to the --- of communities
deterioration/destruction
131
combination of statements, ideas or features of a situation that are opposed to one another
contradictions
132
state of being stretched tight and pushed to the limit
tensions
133
forms of social contradictions and tensions
```
A. Inter-ethnic conflict
B. Class Struggle
C. Armed Conflict
D. Terrorism
E. Protest
F. Gender Inequality
```
134
is a category of people who, as a result of their shared cultural heritage, are regarded as socially distinct
ethnic group
135
refers to the cultural features of a specific group of people
ethnicity
136
ethnic differences are --- and not --- as opposed to race
culturally learned; inherited
137
those groups whose physical appearance or cultural practices are unlike those of the dominant group are called
MINORITIES
138
often subject to different forms of unequal treatment by the dominant group
minorities
139
tensions and contradictions operates very well in a class system based on economic status
class struggle
140
usually centered on the access and control of resources
class struggle
141
In industrialized societies, we often have three classes:
Upper class: small in number but wealthy
Middle class: Large in number and usually professionals
and white collar workers
Lower class: Largest in number and usually the less
skilled, blue collared workers.
142
frictions among conflicting groups due to failure to resolve differences amicably
armed conflict
143
tension escalates that leads to
armed conflicts
144
Example: the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
armed conflicts
145
Caused by differences in religious and ideological grounds
the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
146
Failure of the Philippine government to grant genuine
| autonomy to 13 moro ethnic groups living in the area
the 40-year conflict in Mindanao
147
basic causes of armed conflicts
1. Religion
2. Ethnicity
3. Economic stagnation
4. Poor government services
5. Environmental degredation like land disputes, water scarcity, etc
6. Political, economic and social inequalities
7. Poverty
8. High unemployment
9. Individual incentives
148
It is the use of violence against civilian tarhets for the
| purpose of intimidation to achieve political or ideological ends
terrorism
149
It is a violent and potent means of pushing social change and gaining worldwide attention
terrorism
150
bombings, hijacking, assassinations, kidnappings and video images of public executions
terrorism
151
Reasons why people commit acts of terrorism:
1. Religious fanaticism
2. Oppression especially by the government
3. Violation of international law like genocide and umlawful
dispossesion of local inhabitants
4. Poverty
5. Hatred towards the global economic hegemony (leadership
dominance by powerful nations)
6. Financial gain
7. Racism
8. Martyrdom
9. Narcissism: selfishness, lack of empathy, need for admiration, etc)
10. Failure of conventional channels of expression and communications
152
the simplest form of expressing disgust, contradictions and tensions through collective manner
protest
153
2 vital elements of protest
public opinion and propaganda
154
sum of the decision of the members of the public on a particular issue
public opinion
155
are information or viewpoints that are presented with the deliberate intention of persuading the audience to adopt a particular opinion or issue
propaganda
156
forms of protest
written, verbal, and non-verbal
157
is an emotionally aroused crowd intent on violence or
| destructive actions
mob
158
is a form of collective behavior that occurs when
| people are faced with an immediate threat and reacts in a fearful, spontaneous and uncoordinated manner
panic
159
is a form of collective behavior involving widespread anxiety, caused by some unfounded belief
mass hysteria
160
Role according to gender is dictated by society or culture which can lead to sexual stratification
gender inequality
161
Promoters of gender inequality: family, workplace, media, laws and policies, etc.
gender inequality
162
this paved the way for moments to fight this type of
| inequality like the Women’s Liberation Movement,
gender inequality
163
how many sustainable development goals did the un make
17
164
name 7/17 sustainable development goals
```
no poverty
zero hunger
quality education
gender equality
climate action
life on land
life below water
```
165
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all
sustainable development goals
166
universal call to action to end poverty, environmental degredation, to ensure that global citizens enjoy peace and prosperity today and in the future
sustainable development goals
167
a large group of individuals congregating to either effect or prevent social changes
social movement
168
express the dissatisfaction of the people in a given society
social movement
169
people intend to transform the society by
influencing public opinion and government policy-making
170
modern social movements utilize
internet and social media
171
social movements began in --- in the late --- century through ----
england; 18th century; john wilked
172
introduced the term social movements in 1848
german sociologist, lorenz von stein
173
emerged after world war 2
new social movements
174
departed from the traditional social movements which is focused on economic issues
new social movements
175
kinds of social movements
conservative, reactionary, reform, radical, expressive, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, alternative, group-focus
176
resist changes in the society like the anti-technology group
conservative movements
177
a person opposed to new technology or ways of work
luddites
178
defend returning to traditional lifestyles as demonstrated by the Ku Klux Klan
reactionary movements
179
support change like the marriage-opposed Free Love Movement that started in the 60s
reform movements
180
replace existing social orders with a totally different social or political structure like the American Civil Rights Movement, the Occupy Movement, Black Lives Matter, and the Arab Spring movement
radical movements
181
aim to improve their members' lives, not necessarily imposing their ideas on others like the Hippie Movement
expressive movements
182
advocate retreating from the society through isolation like religious cults
escapist movements
183
help minority groups become absorbed in the mainstream society, demanding equal treatment
assimilationist movements
184
defend respect for diversity like the gay rights movement
pluralist movements
185
influence the people to change their lifestyles like the vegans
alternative movements
186
concentrate on changing factions, transforming into or joining a political party
group-focus movements
187
members of social movements seek adherents to their cause through various means
educational persuasion
political persuasion
direct or violent tactics
non-violent tactics
188
through Advertisements, films, speeches, and
| posters are utilized to carry out
educational persuasion
189
involves financing political candidates' campaigns,
| running for public office, or persuading government officials
political persuasion
190
involves social movements taking matters into
their own hands through extreme measures like boycotting a business employing slave workers, demolishing abortion clinics, and liberating animals from experimental laboratories
direct or violent tactics
191
involves civil disobedience like Mohandas Gandhi’s
| peaceful protest against the British imperialists
non-violent tactics
192
expression of public identity
citizenship
193
participatory membership in a political community/legal member of a sovereign state
citizenship
194
state of being vested the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen
citizenship
195
equality under the law, civic participation in government, power restrictions “to be truly human, one had to be an active citizen” (aristotle)
citizenship
196
government policy that gives all citizens equal access to public services, funds and democratic rights and the ability to represent the government
inclusive citizenship
197
a form of democracy in which all citizens are involved in policy-making
inclusive citizenship
198
a government structured from bottom-up rather than top-down
inclusive citizenship
199
active participation in the civic affairs and the social life of their community at a local or national level
participatory citizenship
200
it can raise social consciousness, trust, reduce transaction costs and reduce the possibility of intensified tensions and conflicts (this is the importance of what)
citizenship
201
values of inclusive citizenship
sense of belonging
participation
non-discrimination
agency
202
a way of living that recognizes our world is an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies
global citizenship
203
one in which our choices and actions may have repercussions for people and communities locally, nationally or internationally
global citizenship
204
the umbrella term for social, political, environmental and economic actions of globally minded individuals and communities on a worldwide scale
global citizenship
205
someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and
practices
global citizen
206
understands that everyone is connected through what they consume
global citizen
207
signs that you are a global citizen
1. you embrace the responsibilities of global citizenship
2. you work well with others
3. you are not afraid to think big
4. you are not short-sighted
5. you crave experiences - not possessions
6. you are naturally empathetic
7. you always keep an open mind
8. ignorance isnt bliss
9. you are not one to follow the crowd
208
values & responsibility of a global community of people sharing the same global identity
```
● human rights,
● environmental protection,
● religious pluralism,
● gender equity,
● sustainable worldwide economic growth,
● poverty alleviation,
● prevention of conflicts between countries and
people,
● elimination of weapons of mass destruction,
● humanitarian assistance,
● preservation of cultural diversity
```
