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UCSP > 3RDQ MASTERY TEST 2 > Flashcards

3RDQ MASTERY TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

culture is —, —, and —

A

dynamic, flexible and adaptive

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2
Q

culture is — and —

A

shared and contested

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3
Q

culture is learned and transmitted through — and —

A

socialization and enculturation

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4
Q

culture is composed of — social interactions, — and at times —

A

patterned, integrated, unstable

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5
Q

culture requires — and other forms of —

A

language, communication

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6
Q

ethnocentrism comes from what language and what words

A

greek words: ethnos and kentron

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7
Q

meaning of ethnos

A

nation

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8
Q

meaning of kentron

A

center

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9
Q

thinking that one’s own group ways are superior to others

A

ethnocentrism

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10
Q

judging other groups as inferior to one’s own

A

ethnocentrism

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11
Q

the storehouse of a culture

A

language

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12
Q

ethnocentric views lead to

A

stereotyping

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13
Q

major reason for divisions among members of different ethnicities, races, countries and religious groups in society

A

ethnocentrism

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14
Q

generalizations about a group of people whereby we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group

A

stereotype

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15
Q

can be positive or negative

A

stereotype

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16
Q

all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism but if done in —, it has a positive effect of promoting — and — within the group

A

moderation, SOLIDARITY, LOYALTY

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17
Q

all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism (t/f)

A

true

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18
Q

ethnocentrism done in moderation

A

collectivism - cultural pride and identity - important ingredients in nation building

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19
Q

practice or principle of giving a group priority over individuals in it

A

collectivism

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20
Q

ethnocentrism done in excess

A

conflict with groups considered inferior - oppression - genocide

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21
Q

killing people from a specific culture

A

genocide

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22
Q

state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion like direct territorial acquisition or gaining political and economic control of other territories and people

A

imperialism

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23
Q

that cultures must be viewed and analyzed on their own terms in the context of their own social setting

A

cultural relativism

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24
Q

no culture should be better than the other

A

cultural relativism

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25
Q

different cultures should be —, —, and — rather than —

A

accepted, tolerated, appreciated, condemned

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26
Q

cultural forms

A

tangible and intangible

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27
Q

tangible or

A

visible

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28
Q

examples of tangible forms

A

artifacts, monuments, buildings, landscapes, tools, relics, furniture, coins, bridges, etc.

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29
Q

intangible or

A

nonvisible

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30
Q

examples of intangible forms

A

knowledge, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, traditional skills and techniques, religious ceremonies, performing arts, story telling, etc.

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31
Q

all are considered — according to the united nations educational and scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO)

A

cultural heritage

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32
Q

cultural threats

A 
certain phenomenon (observable facts or events), lack of support, appreciation and understanding of
people
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33
Q

examples of certain phenomenon (observable facts or events)

A

● Globalization
● Technological revolution
● Cultural homogenization through the years

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34
Q

specially under threat are — cultural
heritage; if it is not regularly practiced and learned
within communities and generations.

A

intangible

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35
Q

2 views of culture

A

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

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36
Q

refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

A

socialization

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37
Q

it always takes place in specific context

A

socialization

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38
Q

socialization is culturally specific because

A
  • people socialize differently
  • hold different beliefs and values
  • behave in different ways
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39
Q

socialization and enculturation does not stop and are not —

A

episodic

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40
Q

the 3 primary goals of socialization was outlined by

A

sociologist jeffrey arnett - “broad & narrow socialization”

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41
Q

the 3 primary goals of socialization

A

1 socialization teaches impulse control and help individual develop a conscience
2 socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform social roles
3 socialization cultivates shared sources of meaning and value

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42
Q

process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate and necessary in that culture

A

enculturation

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43
Q

factors that limits, direct or shape the individual

A

parents (immediate family), other adults, peers

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44
Q

influence can be

A

deliberate or not

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45
Q

what does successful enculturation result to

A

competence (language, values, rituals of the culture)

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46
Q

what does unsuccessful enculturation result to

A

culture shock

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47
Q

reaction when one person’s culture is not congruent to the culture you grew up with

A

culture shock

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48
Q

effects of enculturation and socialization to an individual

A

identity formation
the establishment of norms and values
establishment of statuses and roles

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49
Q

fundamental to the establishment of social order in any society

A

norms

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50
Q

people are subjected to — when they become part of society

A

norms

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51
Q

are culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what is right & wrong; proper or improper

A

norms

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52
Q

creates predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society

A

norms

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53
Q

examples of norms

A

wearing decent and appropriate clothes for a particular occasion or event, tact, and courtesy

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54
Q

standards people use to determine desirable goals and outcomes

A

values

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55
Q

criteria by which people base their judgement regarding behavior and decisions

A

values

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56
Q

used as parameters in separating what is considered normal and moral from taboo and predatory

A

values

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57
Q

examples of values

A

examples: utang na loob, industry, love for work

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58
Q

social or religious customs prohibiting discussion of a particular practice, person, place, or thing

A

taboo

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59
Q

examples of taboo

A

ex: pre-marital sex, extramarital affairs

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60
Q

seeking to exploit or oppress others

A

predatory

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61
Q

examples of predatory

A

ex: illegal activities, stealing false witnessing

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62
Q

any position that an individual can occupy in society

A

status

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63
Q

can be translated to money, power, or authority

A

status

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64
Q

not a rank but a label that implies certain roles that must be performed

A

status

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65
Q

one can hold several statuses at the same time like

A

student, singer, basketball fan, a daughter

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66
Q

requires divergent roles

A

status

67
Q

two types of status

A

a. ascribed status

b. achieved status

68
Q

given at birth or assigned later in life

A

ascribed status

69
Q

is acquired willfully and consciously through effort, talent, decisions, and accomplishments

A

achieved status

70
Q

examples of ascribed status

A

examples: age, gender, ethnicity, membership in a family

71
Q

2 processes that flow from enculturation and socialization

A

conformity and deviance

72
Q

behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

A

conformity

73
Q

it is the desire to go along with the norms of a group of people so you will be accepted as an in-group person (and not rejected as an out-group undesirable person)

A

conformity

74
Q

departing from usual or accepted standards, specially in social and sexual behavior

A

deviance

75
Q

the study of deviance can be divided into:

A
  1. the study of why people violate laws
  2. the study on how society reacts to these violations which includes labelling process that comes to be recognized and accepted
76
Q

what is deviant to one group may not be considered

deviant to another because

A

deviance lies not just in behavior itself but in
the social responses of groups to the behavior of
others

77
Q

a behavior that involves expected rules and norms

A

deviance

78
Q

deviance is very evident in 3 ways:

A
  1. it exist only in relation to cultural norms (determined rules)
  2. people become deviant as others define them that way
  3. both norms and the way events are defined are related to social powers through social control
79
Q

not conformist means that the person is

A

deviator

80
Q

mechanisms of social control on a deviate individual

A

labelling, gossip, law

81
Q

formal codes of conduct

A

law

82
Q

with intention of putting a deviant to shame

A

gossip

83
Q

carried by the person in his entire life

A

labelling

84
Q

questioning is different from

A

following

85
Q

what is deviant to one group may not be considered

deviant to another

A

variability of deviance

86
Q

can vary or change

A

variability of deviance

87
Q

first key concepts in the study of the origin of modern humans

A

biological evolution

88
Q

refers to the changes, modification, and variation in the genetics and inherited traits of biological population from one generation to another

A

biological evolution

89
Q

biological evolution studies what

A
  • physical body of humans (basis are hair and teeth because they do not rot)
  • the changes in size and shapes of their bones, brain, dentition, and fingers
  • changes in posture and movement
  • development of bipedalism or walking on two feet in an upright position
90
Q

bipedalism meaning

A

walking on two feet in an upright position

91
Q

what is the biological evolution based on

A

Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection by Charles Darwin

92
Q

according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, evolution of species happens through the process of …

A

natural selection

93
Q

according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, species was not created at …

A

one time in fixed form

94
Q

in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that every species is made up of a …

A

variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others

95
Q

in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that organisms produce …

A

descendants with different sets of traits that can be inherit

96
Q

in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will …

A

survive and transfer these traits to their off-springs in subsequent generations

97
Q

group consisting of all modern humans and great apes (orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas)

A

hominid biological group

98
Q

the biological family that includes our species: homo sapiens

A

hominid biological group

99
Q

today, scientists use to talk about it as any of the great apes (including humans)

A

hominid biological group

100
Q

sequence in the evolution of man

A

dryopithecus, australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

101
Q

bodily characteristics of dryopithecus

A
  • teeth are small more similar to those of modern chimps and
  • has a slender protruding jaw
  • walks on all-fours
102
Q

bodily characteristics of australopithecus

A
  • short and stocky with ape-like features (long arms, thick waistline, chimpanzees-like faces)
  • their brain is closer in size to a chimpanzee
  • they have small canine teeth and a body that stood on two legs (bipedaled) and regularly walk upright.
103
Q

considered as one of the earliest members of the genus homo (human)

A

homo habilis

104
Q

they have higher ability to learn and better at processing information

A

homo habilis

105
Q

bodily characteristics of homo habilis

A
  • it has larger braincase and smaller face and teeth

- still has ape-like features (long arms, moderately prognathic face)

106
Q

was a human of medium stature that walked upright

A

homo erectus

107
Q

bodily characteristics of homo erectus

A
  • the braincase is low, the forehead was receded, and the nose, jaws, and palate were wide
  • the brain was smaller and teeth larger than in modern humans
108
Q

bodily characteristics of homo sapiens

A
  • have bodies with short slender trunks and long limbs
  • skull is smaller and more compact and face is less elongated with higher forehead, less prominent brow-ridges, and smaller teeth
109
Q

paleolithic age is aka

A

stone age

110
Q

hominins grouped together in small societies and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, hunting, and scavenging wild animals

A

paleolithic/stone age

111
Q

species regarded as humans

A

hominis

112
Q

characterized by the use of knapped or shaped stone tools and later wood bone tools

A

paleolithic/stone age

113
Q

three divisions of paleolithic/stone age

A

1 the lower paleolithic age
2 the middle paleolithic age
3 the upper paleolithic age

114
Q

marked the existence of the Homo Erectus

A

lower paleolithic age

115
Q

they made tools for specific tasks like hand ax, and other stone tools

A

lower paleolithic age

116
Q

marked the existence of Homo Sapiens

A

middle paleolithic age

117
Q

they made more efficient tools allowing them to do anatomical labor like prying, lifting, holding, and pulling

A

middle paleolithic age

118
Q

still Homo Sapiens continue to live during this period

A

upper paleolithic age

119
Q

the blade of their tools was sharper and distinct tools were developed

A

upper paleolithic age

120
Q

specialized tools increased ability to produce

A

upper paleolithic age

121
Q

refers to the changes or developments in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture

A

cultural or sociopolitical evolution

122
Q

this period started the rapid growth in population and the exploration of new economic activities

A

upper paleolithic age

123
Q

this happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors (climate change, technological
innovations, population increase)

A

cultural or sociopolitical evolution

124
Q

refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture

A

cultural evolution

125
Q

cultural evolution leads to

A

sociopolitical dimensions of humankind

126
Q

who and what work described the 7 stages of cultural evolution

A

american nnthropologist lewis henry morgan’s masterwork “ancient society (1877)

127
Q

the 7 stages of cultural evolution

A
  • lower savagery
  • middle savagery
  • upper savagery
  • lower barbarism
  • middle barbarism
  • upper barbarism
  • civilization
128
Q

time of fundamental change

A

the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution

129
Q

period when food production started

A

the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution

130
Q

the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution lead to what

A

agricultural development

131
Q

reason of war

A

survival

132
Q

3 cits of civilization

A

egypt’s nile river, mesopotamia, indus valley

133
Q

where civilization started in egypt

A

nile river

134
Q

modern day iraq

A

mesopotamia

135
Q

pakistan and india

A

indus valley

136
Q

person who lives in a city

A

latin word civis

137
Q

urban community in which one dwells

A

latin word civits

138
Q

from what words does civilization come from

A

latin words civis and civits

139
Q

refers to societies in which large numbers of people live in cities

A

civilization

140
Q

governed by a ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system called state

A

civilization

141
Q

ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system

A

state

142
Q

basis of civilization

A

land size and population

143
Q

four basic changes that marked the transition from

neolithic village life to life in the first urban center

A

1 agricultural innovation
2 diversification of labor
3 social stratification
4 central government

144
Q

process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill

A

specialization

145
Q

the emergence of social classes

A

social stratification

146
Q

headed by the governing elite

A

central government

147
Q

saw to it that different groups (farmers and craftsman) provided their respective services and did not infringe on one another

A

central government

148
Q

ensured safety from enemies: built high walls, raised an army, imposed and collected taxes, surplus food were stored

A

central government

149
Q

earliest form of government

A

1 king as single ruler
2 emperor or head of government
3 priests

150
Q

example of king as single ruler

A

king of babylon - code of hammurabi

151
Q

example of emperor or head of government

A

inca ancient civilization of peru

152
Q

regarded emperor a divine son of the sun god

A

inca ancient civilization of peru

153
Q

under him are the following: royal family, aristocracy, imperial administrators, lower nobility, masses of artisans, craftsman and farmers

A

inca ancient civilization of peru

154
Q

in india, he is the head of government

A

brahmin

155
Q

building of political institutions, common interests and new forms of legitimation

A

democratization

156
Q

requirements of democratization

A
  • building political parties and alliances capable of establishing credible national agenda and control of the military
  • making security force accountable to electoral representatives (government officials and people)
157
Q

democratization crafts a — that will seem fair, open, and in the interest of all sectors of society (voting, rules, distribution of power, check on arbitrary actions, etc)

A

constitutional arrangement

158
Q

emerges from the “political clash - compromise - consensus building”

A

democratization

159
Q

significant concentration of economic and political power lies in the hands of a few or a single person

A

authoritarianism

160
Q

government of the people, by the people, for the people

A

democracy

161
Q

highest human achievement in political development because it gives the people a collective voice in the art of governance

A

democracy

162
Q

the most popular form of deviance is the

A

commitment of crime and crimes are varied: from petty crime to serious ones

163
Q

societal reaction to deviant behavior suggest that — actually create deviance by making the rules and applying these rules to particular people and labeling them as —

A

social groups; outsiders

UCSP (4 decks)

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