3RDQ MASTERY TEST 2 Flashcards
culture is —, —, and —
dynamic, flexible and adaptive
culture is — and —
shared and contested
culture is learned and transmitted through — and —
socialization and enculturation
culture is composed of — social interactions, — and at times —
patterned, integrated, unstable
culture requires — and other forms of —
language, communication
ethnocentrism comes from what language and what words
greek words: ethnos and kentron
meaning of ethnos
nation
meaning of kentron
center
thinking that one’s own group ways are superior to others
ethnocentrism
judging other groups as inferior to one’s own
ethnocentrism
the storehouse of a culture
language
ethnocentric views lead to
stereotyping
major reason for divisions among members of different ethnicities, races, countries and religious groups in society
ethnocentrism
generalizations about a group of people whereby we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group
stereotype
can be positive or negative
stereotype
all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism but if done in —, it has a positive effect of promoting — and — within the group
moderation, SOLIDARITY, LOYALTY
all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism (t/f)
true
ethnocentrism done in moderation
collectivism - cultural pride and identity - important ingredients in nation building
practice or principle of giving a group priority over individuals in it
collectivism
ethnocentrism done in excess
conflict with groups considered inferior - oppression - genocide
killing people from a specific culture
genocide
state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion like direct territorial acquisition or gaining political and economic control of other territories and people
imperialism
that cultures must be viewed and analyzed on their own terms in the context of their own social setting
cultural relativism
no culture should be better than the other
cultural relativism
different cultures should be —, —, and — rather than —
accepted, tolerated, appreciated, condemned
cultural forms
tangible and intangible
tangible or
visible
examples of tangible forms
artifacts, monuments, buildings, landscapes, tools, relics, furniture, coins, bridges, etc.
intangible or
nonvisible
examples of intangible forms
knowledge, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, traditional skills and techniques, religious ceremonies, performing arts, story telling, etc.
all are considered — according to the united nations educational and scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO)
cultural heritage
cultural threats
certain phenomenon (observable facts or events), lack of support, appreciation and understanding of people
examples of certain phenomenon (observable facts or events)
● Globalization
● Technological revolution
● Cultural homogenization through the years
specially under threat are — cultural
heritage; if it is not regularly practiced and learned
within communities and generations.
intangible
2 views of culture
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
socialization
it always takes place in specific context
socialization
socialization is culturally specific because
- people socialize differently
- hold different beliefs and values
- behave in different ways
socialization and enculturation does not stop and are not —
episodic
the 3 primary goals of socialization was outlined by
sociologist jeffrey arnett - “broad & narrow socialization”
the 3 primary goals of socialization
1 socialization teaches impulse control and help individual develop a conscience
2 socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform social roles
3 socialization cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate and necessary in that culture
enculturation
factors that limits, direct or shape the individual
parents (immediate family), other adults, peers
influence can be
deliberate or not
what does successful enculturation result to
competence (language, values, rituals of the culture)
what does unsuccessful enculturation result to
culture shock
reaction when one person’s culture is not congruent to the culture you grew up with
culture shock
effects of enculturation and socialization to an individual
identity formation
the establishment of norms and values
establishment of statuses and roles
fundamental to the establishment of social order in any society
norms
people are subjected to — when they become part of society
norms
are culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what is right & wrong; proper or improper
norms
creates predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society
norms
examples of norms
wearing decent and appropriate clothes for a particular occasion or event, tact, and courtesy
standards people use to determine desirable goals and outcomes
values
criteria by which people base their judgement regarding behavior and decisions
values
used as parameters in separating what is considered normal and moral from taboo and predatory
values
examples of values
examples: utang na loob, industry, love for work
social or religious customs prohibiting discussion of a particular practice, person, place, or thing
taboo
examples of taboo
ex: pre-marital sex, extramarital affairs
seeking to exploit or oppress others
predatory
examples of predatory
ex: illegal activities, stealing false witnessing
any position that an individual can occupy in society
status
can be translated to money, power, or authority
status
not a rank but a label that implies certain roles that must be performed
status
one can hold several statuses at the same time like
student, singer, basketball fan, a daughter
requires divergent roles
status
two types of status
a. ascribed status
b. achieved status
given at birth or assigned later in life
ascribed status
is acquired willfully and consciously through effort, talent, decisions, and accomplishments
achieved status
examples of ascribed status
examples: age, gender, ethnicity, membership in a family
2 processes that flow from enculturation and socialization
conformity and deviance
behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
conformity
it is the desire to go along with the norms of a group of people so you will be accepted as an in-group person (and not rejected as an out-group undesirable person)
conformity
departing from usual or accepted standards, specially in social and sexual behavior
deviance
the study of deviance can be divided into:
- the study of why people violate laws
- the study on how society reacts to these violations which includes labelling process that comes to be recognized and accepted
what is deviant to one group may not be considered
deviant to another because
deviance lies not just in behavior itself but in
the social responses of groups to the behavior of
others
a behavior that involves expected rules and norms
deviance
deviance is very evident in 3 ways:
- it exist only in relation to cultural norms (determined rules)
- people become deviant as others define them that way
- both norms and the way events are defined are related to social powers through social control
not conformist means that the person is
deviator
mechanisms of social control on a deviate individual
labelling, gossip, law
formal codes of conduct
law
with intention of putting a deviant to shame
gossip
carried by the person in his entire life
labelling
questioning is different from
following
what is deviant to one group may not be considered
deviant to another
variability of deviance
can vary or change
variability of deviance
first key concepts in the study of the origin of modern humans
biological evolution
refers to the changes, modification, and variation in the genetics and inherited traits of biological population from one generation to another
biological evolution
biological evolution studies what
- physical body of humans (basis are hair and teeth because they do not rot)
- the changes in size and shapes of their bones, brain, dentition, and fingers
- changes in posture and movement
- development of bipedalism or walking on two feet in an upright position
bipedalism meaning
walking on two feet in an upright position
what is the biological evolution based on
Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection by Charles Darwin
according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, evolution of species happens through the process of …
natural selection
according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, species was not created at …
one time in fixed form
in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that every species is made up of a …
variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others
in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that organisms produce …
descendants with different sets of traits that can be inherit
in the hypothesis of darwin’s natural selection, it stated that organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will …
survive and transfer these traits to their off-springs in subsequent generations
group consisting of all modern humans and great apes (orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas)
hominid biological group
the biological family that includes our species: homo sapiens
hominid biological group
today, scientists use to talk about it as any of the great apes (including humans)
hominid biological group
sequence in the evolution of man
dryopithecus, australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens
bodily characteristics of dryopithecus
- teeth are small more similar to those of modern chimps and
- has a slender protruding jaw
- walks on all-fours
bodily characteristics of australopithecus
- short and stocky with ape-like features (long arms, thick waistline, chimpanzees-like faces)
- their brain is closer in size to a chimpanzee
- they have small canine teeth and a body that stood on two legs (bipedaled) and regularly walk upright.
considered as one of the earliest members of the genus homo (human)
homo habilis
they have higher ability to learn and better at processing information
homo habilis
bodily characteristics of homo habilis
- it has larger braincase and smaller face and teeth
- still has ape-like features (long arms, moderately prognathic face)
was a human of medium stature that walked upright
homo erectus
bodily characteristics of homo erectus
- the braincase is low, the forehead was receded, and the nose, jaws, and palate were wide
- the brain was smaller and teeth larger than in modern humans
bodily characteristics of homo sapiens
- have bodies with short slender trunks and long limbs
- skull is smaller and more compact and face is less elongated with higher forehead, less prominent brow-ridges, and smaller teeth
paleolithic age is aka
stone age
hominins grouped together in small societies and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, hunting, and scavenging wild animals
paleolithic/stone age
species regarded as humans
hominis
characterized by the use of knapped or shaped stone tools and later wood bone tools
paleolithic/stone age
three divisions of paleolithic/stone age
1 the lower paleolithic age
2 the middle paleolithic age
3 the upper paleolithic age
marked the existence of the Homo Erectus
lower paleolithic age
they made tools for specific tasks like hand ax, and other stone tools
lower paleolithic age
marked the existence of Homo Sapiens
middle paleolithic age
they made more efficient tools allowing them to do anatomical labor like prying, lifting, holding, and pulling
middle paleolithic age
still Homo Sapiens continue to live during this period
upper paleolithic age
the blade of their tools was sharper and distinct tools were developed
upper paleolithic age
specialized tools increased ability to produce
upper paleolithic age
refers to the changes or developments in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
cultural or sociopolitical evolution
this period started the rapid growth in population and the exploration of new economic activities
upper paleolithic age
this happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors (climate change, technological
innovations, population increase)
cultural or sociopolitical evolution
refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
cultural evolution
cultural evolution leads to
sociopolitical dimensions of humankind
who and what work described the 7 stages of cultural evolution
american nnthropologist lewis henry morgan’s masterwork “ancient society (1877)
the 7 stages of cultural evolution
- lower savagery
- middle savagery
- upper savagery
- lower barbarism
- middle barbarism
- upper barbarism
- civilization
time of fundamental change
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution
period when food production started
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution lead to what
agricultural development
reason of war
survival
3 cits of civilization
egypt’s nile river, mesopotamia, indus valley
where civilization started in egypt
nile river
modern day iraq
mesopotamia
pakistan and india
indus valley
person who lives in a city
latin word civis
urban community in which one dwells
latin word civits
from what words does civilization come from
latin words civis and civits
refers to societies in which large numbers of people live in cities
civilization
governed by a ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system called state
civilization
ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system
state
basis of civilization
land size and population
four basic changes that marked the transition from
neolithic village life to life in the first urban center
1 agricultural innovation
2 diversification of labor
3 social stratification
4 central government
process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill
specialization
the emergence of social classes
social stratification
headed by the governing elite
central government
saw to it that different groups (farmers and craftsman) provided their respective services and did not infringe on one another
central government
ensured safety from enemies: built high walls, raised an army, imposed and collected taxes, surplus food were stored
central government
earliest form of government
1 king as single ruler
2 emperor or head of government
3 priests
example of king as single ruler
king of babylon - code of hammurabi
example of emperor or head of government
inca ancient civilization of peru
regarded emperor a divine son of the sun god
inca ancient civilization of peru
under him are the following: royal family, aristocracy, imperial administrators, lower nobility, masses of artisans, craftsman and farmers
inca ancient civilization of peru
in india, he is the head of government
brahmin
building of political institutions, common interests and new forms of legitimation
democratization
requirements of democratization
- building political parties and alliances capable of establishing credible national agenda and control of the military
- making security force accountable to electoral representatives (government officials and people)
democratization crafts a — that will seem fair, open, and in the interest of all sectors of society (voting, rules, distribution of power, check on arbitrary actions, etc)
constitutional arrangement
emerges from the “political clash - compromise - consensus building”
democratization
significant concentration of economic and political power lies in the hands of a few or a single person
authoritarianism
government of the people, by the people, for the people
democracy
highest human achievement in political development because it gives the people a collective voice in the art of governance
democracy
the most popular form of deviance is the
commitment of crime and crimes are varied: from petty crime to serious ones
societal reaction to deviant behavior suggest that — actually create deviance by making the rules and applying these rules to particular people and labeling them as —
social groups; outsiders
