4th Year Haematology Flashcards
2 causes of Microcytic anaemia?
Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
What causes macrocytic anaemia?
Failure of nuclear maturation, failure to get smaller
2 causes of Macrocytic anaemia?
B12 and folate deficiency
What is the most common cause of macrocytic anaemia?
Prenicious anaemia
2 conditions associated with pernicious anaemia?
Atrophic gastritis and hypothyroidism
2 anti bodies seen in pernicious anaemia?
Anti gastric parietal cell anti bodies
Anti intrinsic factor
What is given as the treatment for pernicious anaemia?
Hydroxycobalamin
What causes koilonychia?
Iron deficiency anaemia
What sort of anaemia is seen in anaemia of chronic disease?
Mild normocytic anaemia
Ferritin normal or increased
What is sideroblastic anaemia?
Microcytic, ineffective erythropoiesis, congenital or x linked
Cause of howell jolly bodies?
Post splenectomy and hyposplenism
Teat Drop red cells?
Extramedually haemopoiesis, myelofibrosis
Cause of Macrocytosis without anaemia?
alcohol
What does a positive direct anti globulin test mean?
Immune cause of haemolysis
Heinz bodies?
G6PD deficiency
Bite cells?
G6PD deficiency
How is G6PD deficiency inherited?
X linked
How is hereditary spherocytosis?
Auto soma dominant
Target cells?
Hyposplenism, iron deficiency
Shistochytes?
Intravascular haemolysis
What is the most common cause of thrombophilia?
Factor V leiden
3 features of von willebrand management?
Tranexamic acid
Desmopressin
Factor VIII concentrate
What virus causes a sickle cell aplastic crisis?
Parvovirus
Philadelphia chromosome - 9:22?
CML
Reed steenburg cells?
Hodgkins lymphoma
Most common cause of hodgkins lymphoma?
Nodular sclerosing
Best prognosis - hodgkins lymphoma?
Lymphocyte rich
Worst prognosis - hodgkins lymphoma?
Lymphocyte depleted
What type of lymphoma is associated with EBV?
Burkitts lymphoma
Monoclonal proteins IgG iGA and hence jones proteins?
Multiple myeloma
3 features of myeloma?
Renal dysfunction
Hypercalcaemia
Anaemia
Hyper segmented neutrophils?
B12 and folate deficiency
B12 and folate deficiency, which should you replace first?
B12
Parietal cell and intrinsic factor, sensitive or specific?
Parietal cell - more sensitive
Intrinsic factor - more specific
Inheritance of thalasaeamia?
Autosomal recseeive
Management of thalassaemia?
Regular transfusions or when unwell
Inheritance of sickle cell anaemia?
Autosomal recessive
% of HbS in sickle cell anaemia?
> 80%
2 types of non Hodgkins lymphoma?
B cell and T cell
Types of High grade and low grade B cell non Hodgkins?
Low grade - follicular, marginal
High grade - bursts, diffuse large B cell
4 stages of Hodgkins?
- single region
- 2 nodes regions on same side of diaphragm
- involvement of nodes on both sides of diaphragm
- spread beyond nodes
Auer rods?
AML
typical age group for AML?
Elderly
BCR-ABL?
CML
What type of leukaemia are tyrosine kinase inhibitors used?
CML - imantinib
Definition or remission in acute leukaemia?
<5% blasts
Rouleaux?
Myeloma
Jak2?
Polycythaemia rubra vera (also essential thrombocythaemia)
Treatment of polycthaemia?
Venesect
Most common leukaemia in adults?
CLL
Which factor does LMWH inhibit?
Xa
Length of warfarin in provoked and unprovoked VTE?
Provoked - 3 months
Unprovoked - 6 months
Anti cardio lipin antibody?
Anti phospholipid syndrome
Anti CCP?
RA
VW disease - APTT and bleeding time?
APTT - prolonged
Bleeding time - prolonged
Haemophilia - APTT and bleeding time?
APTT - prolonged
Bleeding time - normal
What is factor V Leiden?
Activated protein C resistance
Treatment of essential thrombocytosis?
Aspirin and hydroxyurea
What malignancy does HIV increased the risk of?
Non Hodgkins lymphoma
Tumour lysis syndrome?
Burkitts
Cell abnormality in CLL?
Lymphocytosis - increased in lymphocytes - not other types
3 steps in management of major bleeding on warfarin?
Stop warfarin
Vitamin K
Prothrombin complex concentrate
PT, APTT, bleeding time and platelets in Warfarin?
PT - increased
All others normal
PT, APTT, bleeding time and platelets in Aspirin?
Bleeding time prolonged
All others normal
PT, APTT, bleeding time and platelets in Heparin?
PT and APTT increased
Others normal
PT, APTT, bleeding time and platelets in DIC?
PT, APTT, bleeding time - increased
Platelets - decreased
Deficient factor in Haemophillia A?
VIII
Factor in Haemophilia B?
IX
PT, APTT, bleeding time in haemophilia?
APTT - prolonged
PT and needling time - normal
What blood marker rises in pagets?
ALP
Most common proteins in myeloma?
IgG, IgA, IgD
What symptoms are associated with a poor prognosis in lymphoma?
B symptoms
What else is Factor V leiden called?
Protein C resistance
What drugs should you withhold in an AKI?
NSAIDS